Chapter 10 - Emotional Development

Question 1

______ are useful because they help people adapt to their environments

Answer 1

Emotions

Question 2

What are emotions?

Answer 2

Emotions are subjective reaction to things that occur in the environment

Question 3

What leads to avoiding danger?

Answer 3

Fear

Question 4

_______ strengthens relationships

Answer 4

Happiness

Question 5

What keeps people away from things that make them ill?

Answer 5

Disgust

Question 6

At about 2-3 months, _____ _____ appear in response to other people for children

Answer 6

social smiles

Question 7

Stranger wariness appears around how many months?

Answer 7

6

Question 8

What kind of emotions are feelings such as pride, guilt, and embarassment?

Answer 8

Self-conscious (complex) emotions

Question 9

By age ___, most children experience regret and relief appropriately

Answer 9

9

Question 10

_______ differ in events that trigger emotions, and in the extent to which emotional expression is encouraged

Answer 10

Cultures

Question 11

In many Asian countries, _______ _______ is highly valued

Answer 11

emotional restraint

Question 12

At how many months can children identify facial expressions associated with different emotions?

Answer 12

Between 4-6

Question 13

What is an example of social referencing?

Answer 13

When infants are put in environments that are unfamiliar, they’ll look to their caregivers for cues on how to react

Question 14

During elementary school, children understand that people can have _______ feelings.

Answer 14

mixed

Question 15

Children learn display rules for their _______ ______

Answer 15

cultural context

Question 16

What is temperament?

Answer 16

Temperament is the general attitude that children have - how they behave, act, and feel

Question 17

Temperament is the precursor to __________

Answer 17

personality

Question 18

_______ and _____________ factors contribute to the development of temperament

Answer 18

Heredity; environmental

Question 19

Parental personality often reflects in a child’s ______________

Answer 19

temperament

Question 20

What are the three patterns based on observations and parental interviews that Thomas and Chess identified?

Answer 20

Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-warm-up

Question 21

Twin studies show that there is a ________ influence on temperament

Answer 21

heredity

Question 22

________ twins are more alike in aspects of temperament than __________ twins

Answer 22

identical; fraternal

Question 23

The impact of heredity depends on:

Answer 23

temperamental dimensions and the child’s age

Question 24

Heredity plays a role in how the child __________ themselves, and it emerges in different stages in life, which points to a ________ component.

Answer 24

expresses; genetic

Question 25

Temperament is highly affected by _________ behaviour

Answer 25

parental

Question 26

Temperament can also make some kids particularly susceptible to ___________ influences

Answer 26

environmental

Question 27

Without moderate __________, temperament does not exist

Answer 27

stability

Question 28

Temperament is the underlying basis of ___________

Answer 28

personality

Question 29

Various aspects of temperament are related to:

Answer 29

school success, peer interactions, compliance with parents, and depression

Question 30

What is an example of the influence of temperament depending on environmental influences?

Answer 30

Children who resist control are less likely to have behaviour problems when mothers exert appropriate control

Question 31

Children with ____________ temperaments are less affected by life stressors

Answer 31

positive

Question 32

What is attachment?

Answer 32

Attachment is the enduring social-emotional relationship between infant and parent

Question 33

All parts of __________ is based on the level of attachment between the child and the caregiver

Answer 33

development

Question 34

Attachment relies on the infant growing up and gaining _________ and __________ skills.

Answer 34

perceptual; cognitive

Question 35

What skills does an infant have to develop in order for attachment to become stronger and richer?

Answer 35

Perception, cognition, emotion, attachment

Question 36

By __ months, infants have identified a single attachment figure

Answer 36

7

Question 37

Infant usually first attach to their _______, based on research

Answer 37

mothers

Question 38

It is found that they prefer to ____ with father's but prefer mothers for ________.

Answer 38

play; comfort

Question 39

Explain the involvement of Indigenous father's in terms of attachment

Answer 39

Indigenous fathers' involvement showed challenges due to the disruption of colonial interventions, requiring a culturally sensitive approach to overcoming difficulties in relationships with their children.

Question 40

Attachment is critically important because all of ___________ is based off of attachment

Answer 40

development

Question 41

Explain Ainsworth's Strange Situation task?

Answer 41

This task was a way to measure attachment styles and the quality of infant attachment. Infants were put through a series of situations, none of which were traumatic, in order to see how they would respond in order to measure how attached they were to their parents.

Question 42

What is secure attachment?

Answer 42

A secure child may be upset when the parent leaves, but stops crying when the parent returns. It is secure because the parent is the main source of comfort

Question 43

What is avoidant attachment?

Answer 43

Avoidant attachment means that the child was not upset when the parent leaves, and when the parent comes back, the child ignores the parent, not really caring.

Question 44

What is resistant attachment?

Answer 44

Resistant attachment is when the child is upset when the parent leaves, but is inconsolable when the parent comes back. In constrast to secure, the child is calm when the parent comes back but in resistant, the child is inconsolable and very angry

Question 45

What is disorganized attachment?

Answer 45

Disorganized attachment is when the parent leaves and the child is confused; you can see the confusion. What makes it disorganized is when the parent comes back, the child is still confused

Question 46

_________ attachment is the most common form worldwide

Answer 46

Secure

Question 47

Secure attachment leads to _________ social relationships, due to the establishment of ______.

Answer 47

positive; trust

Question 48

___________ and ________ parenting is necessary for secure attachment

Answer 48

Predictable; responsive

Question 49

When questioned about attachment relationships, adults may be classified as _______, _________, or ______________.

Answer 49

secure; dismissive; preoccupied

Question 50

Secure attachment leads to positive relationships because there is a _______ between child and caregiver

Answer 50

trust

Question 51

Secure adults are more likely to provide ________ ___________ and in turn, have securely attached infants

Answer 51

sensitive caregiving

Question 52

____-___________ seems to be an important factor in intergenerational attachment

Answer 52

Self-awareness

Question 53

_________ can help mothers respond more effectively to their baby's needs

Answer 53

Training