Chapter 14 - Social Influences

Question 1

In the systems view of families, parents and children ___________.

Answer 1

Influence each other

Question 2

The family system is influence by other individuals and institutions like:

Answer 2

Family Friends, Parental Careers

Question 3

What are the two Primary Dimensions?

Answer 3

Warmth and Responsiveness, Control

Question 4

____ levels of warmth and responsiveness and _____ levels of control are the best.

Answer 4

High; Moderate

Question 5

Control involves:

Answer 5

Setting age appropriate standards, consistent enforcement of rules, and good communications

Question 6

What are the four parenting styles?

Answer 6

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvolved

Question 7

What is the Authoritarian Parenting Style?

Answer 7

“i am the boss, you do as I say”
Low Warmth, High Control

Question 8

What is the Authoritative Parenting Style?

Answer 8

High Warmth, Moderate Control
Adaption but rules still exist

Question 9

What is the Permissive Parenting Style?

Answer 9

High Warmth, Low Control
Standards are not met

Question 10

What is the Uninvolved Parenting Style?

Answer 10

Low Warmth, Low Control
Does not get involved in child’s life
Provide basic standards to stay alive but nothing else

Question 11

What parenting style provides the best outcome for children?

Answer 11

Authoritative

Question 12

What is Direct Instruction?

Answer 12

A step-by-step, lesson-by-lesson approach to teaching which is scripted and follows a pre-determined skill acquisition sequence

Question 13

Direct instruction to the extreme is like the _______ parenting style.

Answer 13

Authoritarian

Question 14

Children learn through _______

Answer 14

Observation

Question 15

What is feedback?

Answer 15

Information that the parent transmits to the child

Question 16

What is a negative reinforcement trap?

Answer 16

Enforcing negative behaviour that they actually want to stop.

Question 17

What is an example of a negative reinforcement trap?

Answer 17

Giving attention towards a temper tantrum

Question 18

________ is important but they do not give it as much or as often as ______ occurs.

Answer 18

Direct Instruction; Observation

Question 19

______ get altered in effect of observation.

Answer 19

Genomes

Question 20

To be effective, research indicates that punishment needs to be:

Answer 20

Administered Promptly and Consistently
Accompanied by an explanation and suggestions for future ways of behaving
Administered by a person with whom the child has a warm affectionate relationship
Ie. “Because you were past curfew, you’re grounded for a few weeks. Next time, if you are going to be late call me”

Question 21

Divorce affects children’s __________.

Answer 21

School Achievement, conduct, adjustment, self-concept, and relationships with parents

Question 22

In extreme cases, parents start to ___________.

Answer 22

Manipulate the children against the other parent

Question 23

Overall risk of emotional and behaviour problems is higher for ___________.

Answer 23

Children of divorce

Question 24

True or False: The majority of emotional and behavioural problems for children of divorce are long-term.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

In what cases are emotional and behavioural problems for children of divorce long-term?

Answer 25

Parental Absence, Economic hardship, Long-term Conflict between parents.

Question 26

Beginning in the ____ year of the divorce, most children begin to adjust; parental cooperation with each other helps.

Answer 26

Second

Question 27

Divorce is moe harmful when it occurs during ________ and _______ than during the ________ or _________ years.

Answer 27

Childhood and Adolescence; Preschool or College

Question 28

Parents can help make divorce less stressful by:

Answer 28

providing explanations and reassurance and refraining from involving children in conflict

Question 29

What are the five styles of grand parenting.

Answer 29

Influential Supportive Authority-oriented Passive detached

Question 30

Grandparents are especially active in the lives of:

Answer 30

Immigrant and Minority children

Question 31

Parents tend to have more realistic expectations and be more relaxed in their discipline with ____born compared to ____born.

Answer 31

later born; first born

Question 32

___born children tend to be more popular and innovative

Answer 32

Later born

Question 33

___born children generally have higher scores on IQ tests, are more likely to go to university, and more willing to conform to adults' requests.

Answer 33

First born

Question 34

_____ children are more likely to succeed in school and have higher levels of intelligence and self-esteem.

Answer 34

Only

Question 35

Distress associated with the birth of a new sibling can be avoided if parents are:

Answer 35

Responsive to the older sibling

Question 36

Many older siblings assist with:

Answer 36

Caregiving

Question 37

Basic pattern of sibling relations tend to be _______ and _______

Answer 37

establish early; remain consistent

Question 38

Siblings get along best when:

Answer 38

they are same sex neither is temperamentally emotional the younger sibling enters adolescence parents don’t show favouritism each has a unique and well-defined relationship with parents parents have a warm relationship with each other

Question 39

When children are abused, their ____, ____, and ____ skills are often affected.

Answer 39

social, emotional, and intellectual

Question 40

Adults who were abused as children often experience:

Answer 40

emotional problems, are more prone to suicide, and are more likely to abuse their own spouses and children

Question 41

True or false: Children who are ego-resilient (adaptable in challenging situations) exhibit fewer negative consequences following abuse

Answer 41

True

Question 42

There is a developmental sequence to social play including:

Answer 42

parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play

Question 43

What is parallel play?

Answer 43

Playing in parallel, not together Interact only if they take each others toys

Question 44

What is associative play?

Answer 44

Playing together but there are no rules to how they play Kind of a free-for-all

Question 45

What is cooperative play

Answer 45

Playing together Cooperation Games become much more rule based Call out for cheating

Question 46

Cooperative play becomes the norm by approx. ______ years old.

Answer 46

3 1/2

Question 47

Children who engage in make-believe play tend to be more advanced in:

Answer 47

language, memory, executive functioning, and more sophisticated in understanding others’ thoughts, beliefs, and feelings

Question 48

Solitary play can be important for children’s:

Answer 48

Cognitive development

Question 49

Although solitary play is important, it is _______.

Answer 49

Not sufficient on its own

Question 50

Some forms of solitary play may indicate:

Answer 50

Problems with social interaction

Question 51

Parent involvement in pre-school children play includes different roles:

Answer 51

playmate, social director, coach, and mediator

Question 52

A secure maternal attachment relationship contributes to

Answer 52

positive peer relationships

Question 53

Elementary school-age children become more skilled at:

Answer 53

Initiating and maintaining peer relationships

Question 54

Psychological features such as trust and assistance become important by _____ years of age

Answer 54

8-11

Question 55

______ and ______ become important in adolescence as friends are seen as sources of social and emotional support

Answer 55

Loyalty and Intimacy

Question 56

Children and adolescents tend to befriend others who are ________.

Answer 56

Similar to them

Question 57

Children with good friends have _____ and are less likely to be _____.

Answer 57

good self-esteem: depressed

Question 58

Friendships can be _______.

Answer 58

Negative