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Developmental Psychology Final > Chapter 3 - Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Flashcards

1
Q

What are the weeks for the period of the zygote?

A

Weeks 1-2

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2
Q

What are the weeks for the period of the embryo?

A

Weeks 3-8

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3
Q

What are the weeks for the period of the fetus?

A

Weeks 9-38

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4
Q

The period of the zygote begins when:

A

the egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube

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5
Q

After about 4 days, the zygote is called a ________; a hollow ball of about 100 cells

A

blastocyst

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6
Q

The period of the zygote ends 2 weeks later when the Zygote is:

A

implanted in the wall of the uterus

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7
Q

The _________ is formed between mother and developing organism to provide nutrients and remove waste

A

placenta

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8
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

The zygote gets stuck in the fallopian tube

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9
Q

Body structures and internal organs are formed during the period of the _______

A

embryo

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10
Q

True or False: Blood circulation systems do not develop until the period of the fetus

A

False: they develop in the period of the embryo

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11
Q

What are the three levels of the embryo?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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12
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

The outer part of the embryo, that develops into the internal organs

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13
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

The inner layer of skin that forms into muscles and the skeleton

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14
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

The nervous system - the inner part of the embryo - the brain, spinal cord, hair, nails, teeth, etc.

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15
Q

The amniotic sac is filled with ____________.

A

amniotic fluid

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16
Q

The job of the amniotic sac is to:

A

keep the embryo safe

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17
Q

The _________ joins the embryo to the placenta

A

umbilical cord

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18
Q

The uterus is ______ and composed of ________

A

round; many layers

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19
Q

The uterine wall is a:

A

thick muscle and the outer layer of the uterus

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20
Q

What are villi?

A

Blood vessels that come together to form the umbilical cord

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21
Q

In the period of the fetus, all regions of the _____ grow.

A

brain

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22
Q

Genital organs and extremeties develop in the ______ month, (week __)

A

third; 12

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23
Q

The skin is covered with a thick, greasy substance, called

A

vernix

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24
Q

By ___ months, the fetus can hear sound

A

six

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25
Q

The age of viability is:

A

22-28 weeks; the fetus has a chance to survive

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26
Q

Fetal movement begins at about __ months

A

4

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27
Q

Fetuses can develop the ability to have short term memory for about 10 minutes at ___ weeks

A

30

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28
Q

At around 34 weeks, they now have ________ memory systems developing

A

long-term

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29
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Any agent or anything that causes abnormal prenatal development

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30
Q

How is nutrition a risk factor to pregnancy?

A

Mothers that do not have the right amount of food or good quality of food - proteins, vitamins, etc.

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31
Q

How is prolonged stress a risk factor to pregnancy?

A

Prolonged stress leads to dangerous conditions in pregnancy - decreased oxygen to the fetus and can weaken the immune systems

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32
Q

How is the mother’s age a risk factor in pregnancy?

A

Eggs exist through the lifetime, so they get ‘old’, which increases the risk of developmental disorders

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33
Q

Many diseases pass through the __________ and attack the fetus; others attack at birth

A

placenta directly

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34
Q

What are some examples of teratogens?

A

Drugs, Alcohol, and environmental hazards

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35
Q

Consuming large or moderate amounts of alcohol during pregnancy can lead to ____________________.

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

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36
Q

FASD can lead to:

A

physical problems, development of cognitive isseus

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37
Q

Impact of a teratogen depends on:

A

Genotype

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38
Q

Each teratogen harms specific and different aspects of development. Impact depends on:

A

the dose you receive of the teratogen

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39
Q

True or false: Damage is not always evident at birth

A

True

40
Q

Give examples of prenatal diagnosis options:

A

Ultrasounds, amniocentesis, and NIPT

41
Q

Nicotine can affect ________ and ________ abilities

A

language; cognitive

42
Q

Not just nicotine consumption, but also nicotine ________ is considered a teratogen

A

exposure

43
Q

List some examples of environmental toxins

A

Lead Exposure, PCBs, Radiation + other things that are outside of your control.

44
Q

What is an Analgesic?

A

Standard pain medication, given early in labour to ease the pain of contractions

45
Q

When/why are sedatives/tranquilizers used during pregnancy?

A

Given early to reduce anxiety. They have been proven safe for the baby

46
Q

What is an epidural?

A

A needle that goes into the spine that blocks nerve signals from going up to the brain rom the lower half of the body.
Has to be given early in labour.

47
Q

Research shows that the presence of the father helps lessen ________ of the mother

A

anxiety

48
Q

What is stage 1 of labour and delivery?

A

Starts when the muscles of the uterus contract and ends when the cervix is fully enlarged.

49
Q

What is stage 2 of labour and delivery?

A

Baby is pushed through the birth canal

50
Q

What is stage 3 of labour and delivery?

A

The placenta is expelled

51
Q

Stage ___ is the most physically challenging in labour and delivery

A

1

52
Q

The ____ is the muscle that separates the vaginal canal from the uterus

A

cervix

53
Q

A ______ provides emotional and physical support during labour and delivery: many also provide support for the days after delivery.

A

Doula

54
Q

A _____ is a highly trained professional who provides prenatal care, care throughout childbirth, and follow-up care for several weeks following birth.

A

Midwife

55
Q

True or False: Mothers who attend childbirth classes use less medication during labour and feel more positive about labour and birth

A

True

56
Q

What is a c-section?

A

Surgical delivery

57
Q

When is a c-section used?

A

Previous C-Section, Lack of progression in labour, fetus in breech position, signs of fetal distress, maternal illness/STDs

58
Q

___% of new moms feel more severe postpartum depression

A

10-15%

59
Q

Postpartum depression disrupts the mothers ability to:

A

provide warm and responsive care for their infants

60
Q

What is hypoxia and when can it occur?

A

Hypoxia is low levels of oxygen in your body tissues.
Hypoxia can occur during labour and delivery is the umbilical cord is pinched or squeezed shut, cutting off the flow of blood to the baby.

61
Q

True or False:Prematurity is generally more serious than being small-for-date

A

False

62
Q

Anything from __ weeks til the end of pregnancy, you can expect labour at any time. Anything before is considered premature

A

38

63
Q

Small for date means:

A

A baby born around their due date has a low birth weight

64
Q

Kangaroo care is:

A

Skin to skin contact

65
Q

The ____ test assesses five vital signs in the newborn

A

APGAR

66
Q

What are the 5 signs the Apgar test assesses?

A

Breathing, heart rate, muscle tone, presence of reflexes, and skin tone

67
Q

The ________________ is a comprehensive assessment of infants that includes measures of alertness and ability to interact with people

A

Neonatal behavioural assessment scale (NBAS)

68
Q

Some reflexes are important to survival, these are called:

A

Adaptive reflexes

69
Q

The three adaptive reflexes are:

A

Sucking, swallowing, and rooting

70
Q

What is rooting?

A

Stroke the cheek, head turns in the direction of the touch

71
Q

Some reflexes protect the newborn. They are called:

A

Primitive reflexes

72
Q

The primitive reflexes are:

A

moro, babinski, grasping, and walking

73
Q

What is moro?

A

The baby throws their arms and legs outward and come back in

74
Q

What is the babinski reflex?

A

Toes curling out when the bottom of the foot is stroked

75
Q

What is the walking reflex?

A

Stepping motions with their legs, they lose it and get it back when they actually need to walk.

76
Q

What are the 4 primary newborn states?

A

Alert inactivity, walking activity, crying, sleeping

77
Q

The newborn is in deep sleep for ___ hours of the day

A

8-9

78
Q

How do you know if the newborn is in deep sleep?

A

Eyes are closed, regular breathing, no movement, eyes are still, relaxed face.

79
Q

What is active sleep?

A

Periods during deep sleep, eyes are closed, less regular breathing, small face twitches

80
Q

What is the drowsiness stage?

A

Eyes flutter open and closed, we see rapid eye movement take place during this time, relatively inactive, breathing is more regular but faster than deep sleep

81
Q

How long is the newborn in the quiet awake stage?

A

2-3 hours a day

82
Q

How do you know the newborn is in the quiet awake stage?

A

Eyes are open, regular breathing, relaxed

83
Q

How long is the baby in the active awake stage?

A

2-3 hours a day

84
Q

How do you know the newborn is in the active wake stage?

A

Eyes are open, squirmy, active movement, irregular breathing

85
Q

How long is the crying and fussing stage?

A

1-3 hours a day

86
Q

How do you when the newborn is in the crying and fussing stage?

A

Eyes are partly opened or closed, vigorous movements, and crying and whining

87
Q

What are the three different patterns of crying?

A

Basic, anger, pain

88
Q

What is basic crying?

A

Tied to hunger, lower intensity cry

89
Q

What is the anger crying pattern?

A

Similar to basic, the longer it occurs, the louder it gets

90
Q

What is pain crying?

A

Very sudden onset, very loud, gasping crying that is caused from discomfort or pain

91
Q

By 3-4 months, crying is less associated with ________, and more with _________

A

physiological distress; psychological needs

92
Q

What is colic?

A

Persistent and uncontrollable crying. Crying for more than 3 hours a day

93
Q

Many babies shift to more night-time sleep between ______ weeks

A

6-12

94
Q

_________ occurs when a healthy baby dies for no apparent reasoning

A

Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)

95
Q

Some risk factors for SUID are:

A

Premature or low birthweight, parental smoking, babies sleeping face down etc.

Developmental Psychology Final (12 decks)

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