Chapter 12 - Moral Understanding and Behaviour

Question 1

Within moral development, and according to Freud, the ________ develops

Answer 1

Superego

Question 2

What is the superego?

Answer 2

The component of the mind that navigates between the id and ego; morality and being ethical

Question 3

Disobedience leads to _______

Answer 3

guilt

Question 4

Guilt is an extremely _________ emotion

Answer 4

powerful

Question 5

Whenever a child acts in a way that is __________, there is guilt

Answer 5

contrary to rules

Question 6

Cognitive development helps children move from feeling guilt only when ______ (age 7), to feeling guilt when _______________ (ages 9 or 10).

Answer 6

caught; doing something wrong

Question 7

Initially, guilt emerges because you don’t have the ______; and you’ve failed to live up to the ________.

Answer 7

principles; ego ideal

Question 8

There is a connection between how much guilt a person feels and how they ________.

Answer 8

behave

Question 9

Someone who has a ________ ___________ is more likely to feel guilt

Answer 9

fearful temperament

Question 10

T or F: Children whose parents asserted discipline (yelling or are really imposing), develop more guilt as opposed to children that are more amicable (less intense discipline)

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Parents need to avoid asserting power because it can lead to an ________________; which will cause development of the conscious to be stunted

Answer 11

overexaggerated shame response

Question 12

Development of the conscious requires the list of behaviours that help us determine _____, and ___, and _____.

Answer 12

good; bad; guilt

Question 13

T or F: Guilt is a bad emotion

Answer 13

False: Guilt in itself is not a bad emotion, but you need to have a balance

Question 14

How do we avoid feeling shame for feeling guilty?

Answer 14

Not do bad things, because we can perceive that we’ve done something wrong

Question 15

Once you start feeling bad for behaviour, you start _________ your behaviours

Answer 15

monitoring

Question 16

What is moral reasoning?

Answer 16

The process of making judgements about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts

Question 17

Moral reasoning is how we deal with:

Answer 17

ethical dilemmas

Question 18

According to Piaget, moral judgement appears with:

Answer 18

concrete operational thinking

Question 19

Moral judgement is where we see a shift from acting good out of fear to acting good because its _____ _________.

Answer 19

self-imposed

Question 20

Explain the moral realism stage

Answer 20

Children under the ages of 8-7 are dealing with internal vs external morality, and believe that rules are unchanging

Question 21

Give an example of unchanging rules for children in the moral realism stage

Answer 21

Never open the door to anyone because dad says so - rules cannot be changed because they come from authority

Question 22

What is the moral relativism stage?

Answer 22

In this stage, children understand the importance of rules but also know that they can be changed

Question 23

Children must reason at the concrete operational stage before they can use ____________ ______ ____________

Answer 23

conventional moral reasoning

Question 24

True or False: Reasoning is a formal operational process

Answer 24

False: reasoning is a concrete operational process

Question 25

Concrete operational reasoning is not ___________

Answer 25

hypothetical

Question 26

What is a hallmark in formal operational, not concrete, because you have to be hypothetical?

Answer 26

Post-conventional reasoning

Question 27

______________ thinking is required for post-conventional level reasoning

Answer 27

Formal operational

Question 28

Declines in ________ is the cognitive-developmental variable that matters

Answer 28

egocentrism

Question 29

Levels of moral reasoning are positively correlated with ________ behaviour and negatively correlated with _________ behaviour

Answer 29

social; antisocial

Question 30

T or F: Just because variables change together in a neat way, it doesn't mean they cause each other

Answer 30

True

Question 31

How well you morally reason is positively correlated with _______ __________

Answer 31

social behaviour

Question 32

Attitudes towards the acceptability of violence also vary with levels of _____ _________

Answer 32

moral reasoning

Question 33

The higher the stage of moral reasoning, the stronger the link to _________.

Answer 33

behaviour

Question 34

The moral reasoning of highly ______ children is lower than ____-_________ children

Answer 34

aggressive; non-delinquent

Question 35

Delinquents appear behind in moral reasoning because of ______ in role-taking skills

Answer 35

deficits

Question 36

Reasoning becomes more __________ after discussions about moral issues and exposure to higher levels of reasoning

Answer 36

sophisticated

Question 37

What are valuable components of the school cirriculum?

Answer 37

Discussions about human rights, responsibilities, and respect

Question 38

Hearing about the problems of others can inspire children and adolescents to act for

Answer 38

social change

Question 39

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 39

Prosocial behaviour is actions that benefit others

Question 40

Your level of moral reasoning is positively correlated with your ________ __________.

Answer 40

prosocial behaviour

Question 41

What is altruism?

Answer 41

Altruism is prosocial behaviour that helps others with no direct benefit to the individual

Question 42

Children are extraordinarily __________

Answer 42

altruistic

Question 43

During preschool years, children gradually understand other's needs and learn appropriate ________ behaviour, but early ________ is limited

Answer 43

altruistic; altruism

Question 44

Children understand that people need different things as their ___________ reduces

Answer 44

egocentrism

Question 45

The older you get, _______ seems to decrease

Answer 45

your altruism

Question 46

What is perspective-taking?

Answer 46

Perspective-taking is when children help when they can imagine another's situation, which leads to the development of prosocial behaviour

Question 47

What is empathy?

Answer 47

When children help when they can feel how another person is feeling

Question 48

What are two types of empathy?

Answer 48

Cognitive empathy, affective empathy

Question 49

Children become more prosocial as they mature and begin to make moral decisions based on principles rather than on the basis of ______ and ___________

Answer 49

reward; punishment

Question 50

When do children help?

Answer 50

When they feel responsible for the person in the need, when they feel competent to help, when they are in a good mood, and when the cost of helping is modest

Question 51

Twin studies suggest that identical twins are more alike in ________ behaviour than fraternal twins are

Answer 51

prosocial

Question 52

What hormone influences social behaviours and has been linked to a few specific genes?

Answer 52

Oxytocin

Question 53

_____ are also likely to affect prosocial behaviour indirectly, through their influence on temperament

Answer 53

Genes

Question 54

Prosocial behaviour is encouraged by parents who are:

Answer 54

warm and supportive, set guidelines, and provide feedback that help children to understand how their actions affect others

Question 55

Children and adolescents need to routinely be given the opportunity to help and cooperate with others, which __________ them to needs of others and gives them the _________ of helping

Answer 55

sensitizes; satisfaction

Question 56

What is instrumental aggression?

Answer 56

Aggression that is used to achieve specific goals (e.g. getting a toy)

Question 57

What is hostile aggression?

Answer 57

Unprovoked aggression with the goal of intimidation, harassment, or humiliation

Question 58

What is reactive aggression?

Answer 58

When one child's behaviour leads to another's aggression

Question 59

What is relational aggression?

Answer 59

Trying to hurt others by undermining social relationships

Question 60

Forms of aggression change with ____, but individual's tendency towards aggression is moderately stable

Answer 60

age

Question 61

Children that act more __________ in elementary school will be more likely to be _________ during adulthood and adolescence

Answer 61

aggressively; aggressive

Question 62

What are biological risks for aggressive behaviour?

Answer 62

Temperament, hormonal influences, and neurotransmitter deficits

Question 63

What do parenting factors include?

Answer 63

1. Controlling or coercive parents, 2. The use of harsh physical punishments and threats, 3. Unresponsive or emotionally uninvested parents, 4. Lack of monitoring, 5. Neglect, 6. Presence of conflict in the home

Question 64

A cycle develops where aggressive _______ leads to aggressive _________, which often escalates in intensity

Answer 64

behaviour; punishment

Question 65

_________ views and ___________ influence aggression

Answer 65

Culture; experiences

Question 66

Aggressive children often have aggressive:

Answer 66

pets

Question 67

Aggression and __________ behaviour are more common where there is poverty

Answer 67

antisocial

Question 68

Exposure to a culture of __________ contributes to aggressive attitudes and behaviours

Answer 68

violence

Question 69

What is the Social-informational-processing theory?

Answer 69

Aggressive children systematically misperceive people's actions

Question 70

What are cascading risks?

Answer 70

Later risk factors build on prior risks

Question 71

What is socialized aggression?

Answer 71

Aggression that is expected within a situation

Question 72

Chronic victims of aggression and bullying are often:

Answer 72

lonely, anxious, depressed, dislike school, and have low self-esteem

Question 73

___________ is a modern form of bullying and rumour-mongering

Answer 73

Cyberbullying

Question 74

_________ are more likely to be victims of aggression when they are aggressive themselves or are withdrawn, submissive, and have low self-esteem

Answer 74

Youngsters

Question 75

An effective strategy for victims is to be __________

Answer 75

assertive

Question 76

______ support and assistance are important

Answer 76

Adult

Question 77

The most effective solution to bullying is prevention through the creation of ________ _______ ____________.

Answer 77

positive school communities