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Developmental Psychology Final > Chapter 12 - Moral Understanding and Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Moral Understanding and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Within moral development, and according to Freud, the ________ develops

A

Superego

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2
Q

What is the superego?

A

The component of the mind that navigates between the id and ego; morality and being ethical

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3
Q

Disobedience leads to _______

A

guilt

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4
Q

Guilt is an extremely _________ emotion

A

powerful

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5
Q

Whenever a child acts in a way that is __________, there is guilt

A

contrary to rules

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6
Q

Cognitive development helps children move from feeling guilt only when ______ (age 7), to feeling guilt when _______________ (ages 9 or 10).

A

caught; doing something wrong

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7
Q

Initially, guilt emerges because you don’t have the ______; and you’ve failed to live up to the ________.

A

principles; ego ideal

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8
Q

There is a connection between how much guilt a person feels and how they ________.

A

behave

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9
Q

Someone who has a ________ ___________ is more likely to feel guilt

A

fearful temperament

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10
Q

T or F: Children whose parents asserted discipline (yelling or are really imposing), develop more guilt as opposed to children that are more amicable (less intense discipline)

A

True

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11
Q

Parents need to avoid asserting power because it can lead to an ________________; which will cause development of the conscious to be stunted

A

overexaggerated shame response

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12
Q

Development of the conscious requires the list of behaviours that help us determine _____, and ___, and _____.

A

good; bad; guilt

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13
Q

T or F: Guilt is a bad emotion

A

False: Guilt in itself is not a bad emotion, but you need to have a balance

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14
Q

How do we avoid feeling shame for feeling guilty?

A

Not do bad things, because we can perceive that we’ve done something wrong

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15
Q

Once you start feeling bad for behaviour, you start _________ your behaviours

A

monitoring

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16
Q

What is moral reasoning?

A

The process of making judgements about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts

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17
Q

Moral reasoning is how we deal with:

A

ethical dilemmas

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18
Q

According to Piaget, moral judgement appears with:

A

concrete operational thinking

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19
Q

Moral judgement is where we see a shift from acting good out of fear to acting good because its _____ _________.

A

self-imposed

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20
Q

Explain the moral realism stage

A

Children under the ages of 8-7 are dealing with internal vs external morality, and believe that rules are unchanging

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21
Q

Give an example of unchanging rules for children in the moral realism stage

A

Never open the door to anyone because dad says so - rules cannot be changed because they come from authority

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22
Q

What is the moral relativism stage?

A

In this stage, children understand the importance of rules but also know that they can be changed

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23
Q

Children must reason at the concrete operational stage before they can use ____________ ______ ____________

A

conventional moral reasoning

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24
Q

True or False: Reasoning is a formal operational process

A

False: reasoning is a concrete operational process

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25
Q

Concrete operational reasoning is not ___________

A

hypothetical

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26
Q

What is a hallmark in formal operational, not concrete, because you have to be hypothetical?

A

Post-conventional reasoning

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27
Q

______________ thinking is required for post-conventional level reasoning

A

Formal operational

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28
Q

Declines in ________ is the cognitive-developmental variable that matters

A

egocentrism

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29
Q

Levels of moral reasoning are positively correlated with ________ behaviour and negatively correlated with _________ behaviour

A

social; antisocial

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30
Q

T or F: Just because variables change together in a neat way, it doesn’t mean they cause each other

A

True

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31
Q

How well you morally reason is positively correlated with _______ __________

A

social behaviour

32
Q

Attitudes towards the acceptability of violence also vary with levels of _____ _________

A

moral reasoning

33
Q

The higher the stage of moral reasoning, the stronger the link to _________.

A

behaviour

34
Q

The moral reasoning of highly ______ children is lower than ____-_________ children

A

aggressive; non-delinquent

35
Q

Delinquents appear behind in moral reasoning because of ______ in role-taking skills

A

deficits

36
Q

Reasoning becomes more __________ after discussions about moral issues and exposure to higher levels of reasoning

A

sophisticated

37
Q

What are valuable components of the school cirriculum?

A

Discussions about human rights, responsibilities, and respect

38
Q

Hearing about the problems of others can inspire children and adolescents to act for

A

social change

39
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

Prosocial behaviour is actions that benefit others

40
Q

Your level of moral reasoning is positively correlated with your ________ __________.

A

prosocial behaviour

41
Q

What is altruism?

A

Altruism is prosocial behaviour that helps others with no direct benefit to the individual

42
Q

Children are extraordinarily __________

A

altruistic

43
Q

During preschool years, children gradually understand other’s needs and learn appropriate ________ behaviour, but early ________ is limited

A

altruistic; altruism

44
Q

Children understand that people need different things as their ___________ reduces

A

egocentrism

45
Q

The older you get, _______ seems to decrease

A

your altruism

46
Q

What is perspective-taking?

A

Perspective-taking is when children help when they can imagine another’s situation, which leads to the development of prosocial behaviour

47
Q

What is empathy?

A

When children help when they can feel how another person is feeling

48
Q

What are two types of empathy?

A

Cognitive empathy, affective empathy

49
Q

Children become more prosocial as they mature and begin to make moral decisions based on principles rather than on the basis of ______ and ___________

A

reward; punishment

50
Q

When do children help?

A

When they feel responsible for the person in the need, when they feel competent to help, when they are in a good mood, and when the cost of helping is modest

51
Q

Twin studies suggest that identical twins are more alike in ________ behaviour than fraternal twins are

A

prosocial

52
Q

What hormone influences social behaviours and has been linked to a few specific genes?

A

Oxytocin

53
Q

_____ are also likely to affect prosocial behaviour indirectly, through their influence on temperament

A

Genes

54
Q

Prosocial behaviour is encouraged by parents who are:

A

warm and supportive, set guidelines, and provide feedback that help children to understand how their actions affect others

55
Q

Children and adolescents need to routinely be given the opportunity to help and cooperate with others, which __________ them to needs of others and gives them the _________ of helping

A

sensitizes; satisfaction

56
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

Aggression that is used to achieve specific goals (e.g. getting a toy)

57
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

Unprovoked aggression with the goal of intimidation, harassment, or humiliation

58
Q

What is reactive aggression?

A

When one child’s behaviour leads to another’s aggression

59
Q

What is relational aggression?

A

Trying to hurt others by undermining social relationships

60
Q

Forms of aggression change with ____, but individual’s tendency towards aggression is moderately stable

A

age

61
Q

Children that act more __________ in elementary school will be more likely to be _________ during adulthood and adolescence

A

aggressively; aggressive

62
Q

What are biological risks for aggressive behaviour?

A

Temperament, hormonal influences, and neurotransmitter deficits

63
Q

What do parenting factors include?

A
  1. Controlling or coercive parents, 2. The use of harsh physical punishments and threats, 3. Unresponsive or emotionally uninvested parents, 4. Lack of monitoring, 5. Neglect, 6. Presence of conflict in the home
64
Q

A cycle develops where aggressive _______ leads to aggressive _________, which often escalates in intensity

A

behaviour; punishment

65
Q

_________ views and ___________ influence aggression

A

Culture; experiences

66
Q

Aggressive children often have aggressive:

A

pets

67
Q

Aggression and __________ behaviour are more common where there is poverty

A

antisocial

68
Q

Exposure to a culture of __________ contributes to aggressive attitudes and behaviours

A

violence

69
Q

What is the Social-informational-processing theory?

A

Aggressive children systematically misperceive people’s actions

70
Q

What are cascading risks?

A

Later risk factors build on prior risks

71
Q

What is socialized aggression?

A

Aggression that is expected within a situation

72
Q

Chronic victims of aggression and bullying are often:

A

lonely, anxious, depressed, dislike school, and have low self-esteem

73
Q

___________ is a modern form of bullying and rumour-mongering

A

Cyberbullying

74
Q

_________ are more likely to be victims of aggression when they are aggressive themselves or are withdrawn, submissive, and have low self-esteem

A

Youngsters

75
Q

An effective strategy for victims is to be __________

A

assertive

76
Q

______ support and assistance are important

A

Adult

77
Q

The most effective solution to bullying is prevention through the creation of ________ _______ ____________.

A

positive school communities

Developmental Psychology Final (12 decks)

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