Chapter 10 - Gender

Question 1

biological sex

Answer 1

biological cond. of being M, F or intersex
determined by genes, chromosomes, and physical traits

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

psychological sense/ experience of masculinity/femininity; sociocultural factors affect gender identity and gender roles

Question 3

what prompts the formation of male gonads?

Answer 3

the Y gene (XY)
gonads secret androgens at puberty that result in a male body

Question 4

when no Y gene is present…

Answer 4

(XX) ovaries will develop and secret estrogens that result in a female body

Question 5

____ is strongly influenced by a person’s ____

Answer 5

phenotype; genotype
physical traits; DNA

Question 6

____ regulates hormones and therefor influences ____

Answer 6

gonadal sex; hormonal sex
hormones also influence external sex characteristics and other sites of the body inc the brain

Question 7

term that recognizes that there is no tidy dichotomy between sex and gedner

Answer 7

sex/gender

Question 8

how do males/females differ in terms of sexuality

Answer 8

men show greater incidence of masturbation, use of porn, acts of casual sex, and permissive attitudes towards casual sex

Question 9

are women or men less likely to report exclusive different-sex attraction

Answer 9

women (83% of women vs 94% of men)

Question 10

how do men and women differ in response to sexual arousal and concordance

Answer 10

men show greater specificity and concordance; het women show arousal to sexual stimuli featuring both men and women

Question 11

self-reports about sexuality may be biased because of…

Answer 11

one’s desires to conform to gender roles
when BPL was used, there was a smaller number of differences between the groups

Question 12

diversities of sexual development (DSD)

Answer 12

congenital conditions in which anatomical, gonadal, or chromosomal sex is atypical

Question 13

medical contexts use DSD to describe..

Answer 13

congenital conditions that lead to the intermediate expression of female and male phenotypes
indv. with DSDs often ID as intersex

Question 14

klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 14

a Y chromosome with two Xs (XXY); often undiagnosed until puberty; males with klinefelter’s may show breast development, small testes, short penises, low T, compromised fertility

Question 15

turner’s syndrome

Answer 15

chromosomal monosomy (XOO; women tend to have underdeveloped breasts and are infertile; often treated with hormonal therapy; most ID as female but some as intersex

Question 16

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 16

exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens produce by the adrenal glands; effects development of female fetuses’ genitals causing varying degrees of virilization (lareg clit, partially fused labia, shallow vagina); internal organs are intact; may exhibit different interests/behaviours than their peers; treatments involve hormone therapy and possibly genital surgery

Question 17

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 17

indv with XY chromosomes develop a female phenotype; mutations in the androgen-receptor genes prevent the body tissue from masculinizing to some degree; people with partial AIS have intermediate male/female characteristics; people with complete AIS have female genitals

Question 18

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Answer 18

enzyme deficiency that causes external genitals to appear FAB but have intact male internal organs; rising T levels at puberty cause testes to descend and masculinize external genitals; most 5-ARD indv assume a male ID and role; cases are rare and clustered in regions such as the dominican republic

Question 19

first process of gender development in childhood

Answer 19

detecting gender: recognizes differences between M/F by age 1

Question 20

second process of gender development in childhood

Answer 20

having gender: recognizing in oneself characteristics you share with either girls or boys by age 2-3

Question 21

third process of gender development in childhood

Answer 21

matching one’s behaviour with M/F stereotypes by age 5-7

Question 22

some researchers believe that gender role and identity are a result of ____ and some believe that some things could be ____

Answer 22

gender socialization (observational learning, operant conditioning); innate (biological)

Question 23

gender variation in kids/teens

Answer 23

children may insist they are the other sex; some clinicians say that gender dysphoric children should be encouraged to accept their birth sex while others disagree

Question 24

transition process

Answer 24

diagnoses of gender dysphoria; social transition (living as desired gender); HRT; gender affirming surgery