Chapter 7 - Contraception and Pregnancy Options

Question 1

what are some ancient forms of birth control

Answer 1

silphium in ancient greece; poison (like mercury and arsenic); barrier methods; seclusion of menstruating females; intrecrural; infanticide

Question 2

when did Canada make the use and sale of BC legal

Answer 2

1892

Question 3

what made birth control more acceptable come the 1960s?

Answer 3

“baby boom” and global concerns about pop. ctrl

Question 4

the effectiveness of BC is much improved with ____ as opposed to ____

Answer 4

perfect use; typical use

Question 5

how do hormonal contraceptives work

Answer 5

inhibit ovulation, altering the endometrium; altering the consistency of the cervical mucus; typically more effective than non-hor methods

Question 6

the pill (combo)

Answer 6

h

Question 7

NuvaRing (combo)

Answer 7

as effective as the pill; ring that sits against the cervix and secretes hormones; 21-7 day ish cycle of replacement

Question 8

transdermal patch (combo)

Answer 8

21-7 day cycle; replace weekly;

Question 9

mini-pill (progestin only)

Answer 9

pill everyday; similar to the pill but has progestin only; used bc somemay find the estrogen pill may affect mood and to breastfeeding mothers

Question 10

Depo-Provera (progestin only)

Answer 10

shot every three months; as effective as pill; typically the best strictly hormonal method

Question 11

LNG-IUS (progestin only)

Answer 11

basically an IUD with hormones; inserted into uterus; longevity of an IUD as well as a hormonal aspect; replace every 3-5 years

Question 12

pros of hormonal contraceptives

Answer 12

highly effective; no need to think about usage for some; regulates menstrual cycle; reduces menstrual flow; reversible

Question 13

cons of hormonal contraceptives

Answer 13

must be taken or used regulary; do not protect against STIs; several side effects (weight gain, cancer risks, mood change, etc)

Question 14

non-hormonal intra-uterine devices

Answer 14

must be inserted by a doctor; makes uterine environment inhospitable to sperm; lasts about 5 years; reversible

Question 15

what are barrier methods

Answer 15

inserted by the individual; sponges or cervical caps; effectiveness improved when combined with spermicide; do not offer protection against STIs; higher failure rates than other women
(sponges OTC, caps fitted by dr and reusable)

Question 16

external/internal condoms are the only barrier methods that also prevent ____

Answer 16

STIs
-most effective HIV protection
-external condoms offer some protection against external genital contact which can reduce some infection from STIs

Question 17

surgical methods of contraception

Answer 17

tubal ligation (F) and vasectomy (M); generally not reversible; must make informed decisions before committing to these operations

Question 18

what are natural methods of BC

Answer 18

involve no human-made barriers or hormones; reversible, chemical-free, and supported by some religious groups

Question 19

fertility awareness methods

Answer 19

rely on a woman understanding and tracking her menstrual cycle; requires intercourse at certain times in order to avoid pregnancy

Question 20

sympto-thermal approach

Answer 20

a woman charts her basal body temp, cervical pos, and cervical mucus to determine when she is fertile and can get pregnant; must be tracked for months consistently and correctly for this to be effective

Question 21

rhythm method

Answer 21

calendar-based method; fertile time is calculated based on length of previous 12 cycles; difficult to follow in practice;

Question 22

lactational amenorrhea

Answer 22

breastfeeding hormonally suppresses ovulation; 98% effective as long as menstruation has not returned, baby is being nursed exclusively with breastmilk, and baby is less than 6mo old

Question 23

withdrawal method

Answer 23

pulling penis from vagina before ejaculating; requires self control; used thru history; pregnancy can still result from pre-ejaculate

Question 24

abstinence

Answer 24

may mean avoiding all sexual activity including masturbation/others; some just avoid penile-vaginal; 100% effective when in use; may be frustrating and too restrictive for some

Question 25

what are the most common contraceptive methods worldwide

Answer 25

female sterilization, IUD, pills, condoms

Question 26

female-controlled methods account for ___% of contraceptive use

Answer 26

79%

Question 27

what are the most frequently used contraceptive methods in Canada

Answer 27

condoms, oral contraceptives, and withdrawal

Question 28

why use birth control

Answer 28

to combat rates of teen pregnancy (in a decline since 1974); high global population; expensive

Question 29

reasons for sexual risk-taking

Answer 29

personality factors, situational factors, relationship factors

Question 30

reducing sexual risk-taking

Answer 30

information; motivation; behavioural skills

Question 31

what is emergency contraception

Answer 31

used after intercourse and before a zygote can implant to prevent pregnancy; available without prescription; use within 72hr; 75% to 89% effective

Question 32

post-coital IUD

Answer 32

inserted within 7 days post-coitus; almost 100% effective

Question 33

Two choices for unwanted pregnancy

Answer 33

Abortion; carry out pregnancy and consider adoption or other parenting choices

Question 34

Abortion can be ___ or ____

Answer 34

Therapeutic; elective

Question 35

Pro-choice beliefs

Answer 35

Believe women should have the choices of having the baby, giving it up for adoption, or terminating the pregnancy

Question 36

Pro-life beliefs

Answer 36

Believe that abortion should never (or almost n available choice

Question 37

Medical abortions

Answer 37

Performed up to 7 weeks following the last menstrual period; can be performed up to tenth week of gestation

Question 38

Drugs used for abortion in Canada

Answer 38

Methotrexate and misoprostol; mifepristone (RU-486)

Question 39

Manual vacuum aspiration (surgical abortions)

Answer 39

Only an option in first 7 weeks of pregnancy; contents of uterus are removed by inserting a tube and creating suction; considered safe and effective

Question 40

Vacuum suction curettage (surgical abortions)

Answer 40

Can be performed from 6th to 14th week of gestation; up to 20 weeks in some clinics; considered safe with little risk

Question 41

Dilation and evacuation

Answer 41

Performed between 13 and 16 weeks (up to 24 weeks); must be done in a hospital under general anaesthetic

Question 42

Second and third trimester abortions

Answer 42

Rare and are most often performed because of diagnosed fetal anomalies; involve an injection to stop the fetal heartbeat; fetus is removed by forceps/labour/C-section

Question 43

Psychological effects of abortion

Answer 43

Controversial; post-abortion syndrome was debunked by the APA: concluded that severe neg reactions are rare and that most neg reactions are mild; other research shows that most responses are relief and satisfaction

Question 44

Adoption

Answer 44

Estimate 100s of babies are put up for adoption each year; difficult decision to make

Question 45

Surrogacy

Answer 45

Provides an alternative to adoption; person cannot directly be paid but the expenses can be reimbursed; agreement must be drafted and
negotiated, setting out the legal obligations
and rights of each party.