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PSYC 3533 > Chapter 4 - Genital Anatomy and Sexual Response > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Genital Anatomy and Sexual Response Flashcards

Part 1

1
Q

Sexual and reproductive anatomy consists of both ____ and ____

A

internal sex organs and external sex organs

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2
Q

external female genitals are known collectively as ____

A

the vulva

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3
Q

mons pubis

A

fatty pad of tissue covering the junction where the right and left pubic bone meet at the midline (pubic symphysis); covered in pubic hair

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4
Q

pubic hair

A

can be used for sexual signalling but can be used as a barrier for friction during intercourse, temperature changes; can be removed for aesthetics or other reasons

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5
Q

the clitoris

A

very sensitive organ important in female sexual response; consists of the tip (glans clitoris, only external part); shaft consisting of two corpora cavernose; two crura

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6
Q

labia majora

A

“outer lips” of vulva; covered with pubic hair to some degree and to personal preference; many nerve endings; important for sexual arousal; provide protection for sensitive clitoris, labia minora, and vagina

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7
Q

labia minora

A

“inner lips” of vulva; hairless folds of skin between the labia majora; important for sexual stimulation and arousal; vary widely in appearance

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8
Q

urethral opening (vulvar vestibule)

A

area of the vulva contained within the labia minora; has a lot of nerve endings within the vulvar vestibule; in general not highly sensitive; urethra is the tube that takes the urine from the bladder to be expelled from the body

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9
Q

vaginal opening (vulvar vestibule)

A

very sensitive region of the vulvar vestibule that varies in size; lies below urethral opening; may be covered or partially covered by the hymen; appearance can change throughout life (virginal, nulliparous, parous)

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10
Q

the hymen (vulvar vestibule)

A

thin membrane partially covering vaginal opening; typically some natural degree of separation to allow for menstrual flow; many types (normal, imperforate, microperforate, septate)

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11
Q

the vagina

A

canal that starts at vaginal opening and extends towards base of spine; connected to cervix at top; measures about 7.5-12.5cm; lengthens by 5-7.5cm when aroused

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12
Q

3 tissue layers of walls of vagina

A

vaginal mucosa, muscular layer, protective covering; extremely elastic to accommodate intercourse and child birth

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13
Q

the Bartholin glands

A

small pair of glands to left and right of vagina towards the bottom; contribute to small amounts of vaginal lubrication during sexual excitation esp just before orgasm

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14
Q

the Skene’s glands

A

pair of glands on front wall of vagina; ducts empty into urethra; may be equivalent of a “female prostate”; believed to contribute to sensitivity of the G-spot

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15
Q

G-spot (Grafenberg Spot)

A

highly sensitive area (depending on woman) on the front wall of the vagina; existence is debatable but accepted; some females excrete a fluid very similar to male prostate fluid from their urethras; prevalence of ejaculation varies from 10% to 54% based on self-reports

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16
Q

the cervix

A

lower third of uterus and located at the top of the vagina; secretes mucous; opening of cervix is called os; 1500 canadian women are diagnosed with cervical cancer

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17
Q

the uterus

A

upper two thirds of the uterus is called the fundus or body; consists of 3 layers: endometrium (innermost), myometrium (muscular), perimetrium (deepest)

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18
Q

ovaries

A

one ovary on each side of the uterus; endocrine glands that produce both estrogens and progestins; ovaries contain the ova (eggs, released at ovulation)

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19
Q

fallopian tubes

A

two fallopian tubes, one on each side; also called oviducts or uterine tubes; carry ova from ovaries to uterus; fertilization usually occurs in the infundibulum

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20
Q

female breasts

A

one of the first secondary sex characteristics to develop in females starting at around age 9/10; most important function is nourishing an offspring; breast/nipple area is well innervated and is sensitive to erotic stimulation as well; large variation in size and shape (and colour of areola)

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21
Q

____ cancer is the most common cancer affecting women

A

breast

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22
Q

the male external genitals consist of the ____ and the ____

A

penis; scrotum

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23
Q

functions of the penis

A

sexual pleasure, urination, reproduction

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24
Q

sections of the penis

A

root, shaft, glans

25
Q

____ muscles make up the penis and also contain ____ and ____

A

smooth; 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum (with urethra)

26
Q

what happens during an erection

A

purely a vascular phenomenon; smooth muscle relaxes causing arteries to dilate; veins are compressed

27
Q

neurotransmitters involved in erections

A

nitric oxide to gain an erection; epinephrine and norepinephrine for loss

28
Q

average penis size

A

9.2cm/3.2in flaccid; 13.1cm/5.1in erect

29
Q

average angle of erection

A

10 degrees above horizontal when standing

30
Q

what is circumcision

A

surgical procedure that removes foreskin; often done for religious reasons; about 30% of men are circumcised

31
Q

what is the scrotum

A

loose pouch of skin that hangs under base of penis and contains testes; outer layer of skin with a little hair; inner layer of involuntary muscle called the dartos (makes muscle contract in cold)

32
Q

internal sex organs of a male

A

testes (seminiferous tubes, epididymis, vas deferens); seminal vesicles; prostate gland; Cowper’s gland

33
Q

the testes

A

reproductive and endocrine glands that produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones (androgens); spermatic cord suspends each testis in scrotum; surrounded by a layer of muscle called the cremaster muscle

34
Q

development of testes

A

formed in fetus’s abdominal cavity; 3% are born with one undescended testis; pain from compression/strikes are felt deep in the abdomen where the testes are first developed

35
Q

what is castration

A

removal or destruction of testicles; most current castrations are not done before puberty and are performed surgically or chemically to control disease such as prostate cancer

36
Q

the seminiferous tubules

A

packed inside testes; produce and store sperm (spermatogenesis); interstitial cells located between the tubules produce androgens (testosterone)

37
Q

the epididimys

A

covers part of each testicle; functions to mature and store sperm; made up of three sections (head, body, tail)

38
Q

the vas deferens

A

carries sperm to the prostate gland, where they enter the urethra; part of the spermatic cord; sperm are transported through the vas deferens by cilia and muscle contractions

39
Q

seminal vesicles

A

two tubular glands next to the prostate gland near the ends of the vas deferens; contributes a sugary alkaline fluid that makes up about 70% of ejaculate fluid

40
Q

the prostate gland

A

lies directly below the bladder; secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that makes up about 30% of the ejaculate fluid; prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men

41
Q

Cowper’s Glands

A

two pea sized structures that lie on each side of the urethra below the prostate; secrete pre-ejaculate that prepares the urethra for ejaculate upon arousal; this fluid can contain healthy and active sperm

42
Q

semen and sperm

A

semen is made mostly from fluid from the seminal vesicles and prostate gland; each ejaculation contains about 1tsp of semen and 200-500 million sperm

43
Q

path of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct (seminal vesicles and prostate) > outside

44
Q

3 sexual response cycles

A
  1. Masters and Johnson’s 2. Kaplan’s three stage model 3. Basson’s model (female)
45
Q

Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle

A

first researches to investigate sexual response cycles; focused on physiological aspects of sexual response; two fundamental processes of sexual response, myotonia (muscle tension) and vasocongestion (swelling/pooling of blood)

46
Q

four phases (Masters and Johnson’s)

A

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution

47
Q

excitement phase

A

vasocongestion; penile erection; vaginal lubrication

48
Q

excitement phase (males)

A

dartos and cremaster muscles contract; increased pulse, breathing, BP; sex flush

49
Q

excitement phase (females)

A

swelling of clitoral glans; clitoral crura and vestibular bulbs become engorged; cervix and uterus pulls up; increased pulse, breathing, BP; sex flush

50
Q

plateau phase

A

responses from excitement peak and level off until orgasm; dramatic surge of sexual tension

51
Q

orgasm phase

A

briefest phase; muscle spasm and ejaculation in males; vaginal and uterine contraction in females

52
Q

orgasm phase (males)

A
  1. emission phase: vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate contract forcing ejaculate into the bulb at the base of the urethra 2. expulsion phase: urethral bulb, muscles at the base of penis, and urethra contract rhythmically
53
Q

orgasm phase (females)

A

uterus and lower third of vagina contract rhythmically; rectal pressure oscillates between 8 and 13 times a second

54
Q

resolution phase

A

sexual system returns to its unaroused state

55
Q

Kaplan’s three stage model

A

three phases: desire, excitement, orgasm; includes physiological processes in sexual response; adds cognitive component that is lacking in Masters and Johnson’s

56
Q

Basson’s Model of Female Sexual Response

A

theory more or less agrees with Kaplan’s however desire doesn’t have to be the precursor for having intercourse or other sexual relations; Basson found that women may engage in sex for non-sexual reasons (ex. emotional closeness)

57
Q

disabilities and sexual response

A

any and/or all aspects of the sexual response cycle can be affected in those with certain disabilities; cycle can be unaffected in some; having a disability doesn’t mean that “sex” is impossible

58
Q

age-related decrease in sexual response

A

with increasing age, arousal takes longer; intensity of all aspects of one’s sexual response tends to become dampened

59
Q

sex differences in sexual response

A

males experience a refractory period but females do not (can more readily experience multiple orgasms); orgasmic experiences differ

PSYC 3533 (14 decks)

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