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Biology > Chapter 10-Infectious diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 10-Infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infectious disease

A

a disease caused by a pathogen and are passed down from an infected to an uninfected person.

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2
Q

what is the causative agent of cholera and what type of organism

A

Vibrio cholerae- bacterium

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3
Q

How does the cholera bacterium affect the body

A

-It acts on the wall of the small intestine where it releases chloride ions
-it reduces the water potential in the gut and leads to severe diarrhoea, dehydration and weakness

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4
Q

How can cholera be transmitted

A

-Through contaminated water
-contaminated food
-not washing hands after visiting the loo
-flies from infected faeces

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5
Q

How can we prevent cholera

A

> > provide adequate sewage infrastructure
provide clean piped water that has been chlorinated
vaccination programmes for countries that have this disease as epidemic

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6
Q

treatments to cholera

A
  • Oral rehydration treatment
  • antibiotics
  • monitoring programmes
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7
Q

what is the causative agent for malaria

A

-Plasmodium:- protoctist
>falciparum
>ovale
>malariae
>vivax

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8
Q

Symptoms of malaria:

A

1-fever
2-shivering
3-anemia
4-headache
5-muscle pain

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9
Q

State 3 ways malaria can be transmitted

A

-insect vector- the female Anopheles mosquitos
-unsterile needles re-used for blood transfusion
-Through the placenta from the mom to child

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10
Q

List 3 ways of controlling breeding sites of mosquitos

A

-Using oil over the surface of water bodies
-Draining marshes
-stocking those sites with fish that eat these mosquito larvae

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11
Q

state 3 factors may lead to improvements in controls to malaria

A

-modern techniques in gene sequencing and drug design
-development of vaccines targeted against the stages of the parasites cycle
-generous donations

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12
Q

What is the causative agent of TB and how is it medically diagnosed

A

Mycobacterium TB
Mycobacterium Bovis
microscopical examination of sputum

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of TB

A

-fever
-weight loss
-coughing blood
-coughing for weeks

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14
Q

How can TB be transmitted and spread

A

-droplets containing the pathogen in the air can be inhaled
-spread of TB in overcrowded areas
-spread of the mycobacterium Bovis from cattle can be spread through contaminated milk and meat

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15
Q

where is the site of TB in the body

A

primary- lungs
secondary-lymph nodes, bones and gut.

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16
Q

How can we prevent and control TB

A

-use of contact tracing
-The BCG vaccine
-pasteurising of milk
-frequent testing of cattle

17
Q

How can TB be treated

A

-Through isolation and treatments with antibiotics

18
Q

What is the causative agent for HIV/AIDS

A

-Human immunodeficiency virus

19
Q

List 5 different ways HIV can be transmitted

A

-Sexual intercourse
-re using of needles
-blood donation
-through placenta
-through breast milk

20
Q

How does HIV affect the body

A

HIV reduces the number of T-helper cells which results into the body immune system being vulnerable

21
Q

Where is the site of action for the HIV virus

A

-Brain cells
-T-helper lymphocytes

22
Q

Give 2 reasons why it is difficult to treat HIV

A

-They have a long latent stage
-They can change their surface proteins and hard to recognise it

23
Q

How can we PREVENT transmission of HIV

A

-Education people on the dangers
-use of protective wear during sexual intercourse
-encouraging less sharing of needles
-treating pregnant women with drugs
-Blood donations can be screened for HIV and heat treated

24
Q

State 4 ways to CONTROL HIV

A

-Contact tracing
-screening blood tests
-Encourage high risk groups (LGBTQ+)
-protective sex

25
Q

What do Antibiotics target in bacteria

A

-Synthesis of bacterial cell wall
-Their enzyme action
-Their DNA synthesis
-Their proteins synthesis
-Activity of their proteins

26
Q

why do antibiotics affect bacteria and not viruses

A

-viruses do not have any cell walls and so cannot be targeted by antibiotics

27
Q

Give the steps on how penicillin affects bacteria

A

1-When a new bacterial cell is in the process of growing, it releases the enzyme autolysin that creates holes in their cell wall
2-Cross links are formed by peptidoglycan molecules and they end up stretching and growing further
3-Penicillin stops these cross links by inhibiting the enzyme
4-as bacteria live in watery environments their cells absorb water and the cell wall bursts. This means that penicillin only works on a growing bacteria and not when they are fully developed.

28
Q

How do viruses spread around the body

A

-They use host-cell mechanism for transcription and translation and antibiotics do not bind to the protein of the host cell

29
Q

why isn’t penicillin effective in ALL bacteria

A

-Some bacteria (TB) have thick cell walls
-some secrete enzymes that break down the penicillin

30
Q

How does antibiotic resistant bacteria form?

A

-Due to variation, mutations can occur.
-The mutation could cause a change to the nucleotide sequence that could create protein that are unaffected by the antibiotic
-As the normal bacteria die, the mutated ones reproduce because of less competition.
-Their genes shall pass onto the next future generation

31
Q

Overtime the resistant bacteria become well suited to the environment and their population increases this Is known as:

A

Evolution by natural selection

32
Q

Give the name of the enzyme that breaks down penicillin

A

Beta- lactamase

33
Q

Vertical transmission VS Horizontal transmission

A

Vertical-here the resistant mutation is passed on via binary fusion during replication (asexual)

Horizontal- Here the resistant gene is passed on through conjugation whereby bacteria exchange DNA with each other. Plasmids contain the resistant gene and it is shared among others.

34
Q

What are the consequences of antibiotic resistance

A
  • Can create several issues for doctors
  • Non-pathogenic bacteria could contain the gene and this could pass onto the pathogenic bacteria via horizontal transmission
  • new antibiotics have to be constantly created
35
Q

what factors have lead to the increase of incidence of resistant bacteria:

A
  • Overuse of antibiotics
  • wrong prescriptions
  • large scale use of antibiotics even when animals are not sick
  • Not completing the full course of antibiotics
36
Q

State 5 ways to reduce the incidence of resistant bacteria

A
  • Making tighter controls on countries with no doctors prescription
  • Having the patient finish their full course
  • not using the antibiotics with un-serious infections
  • the use of narrow spectrum antibiotics ( not widespread antibiotics)
  • Having more control on antibiotics used in agriculture.
37
Q

List 2 ways that an already resistant bacteria patient can reduce transmission

A

1-keeping good hygiene e.g washing hands
2-Isolating them.

Biology (12 decks)

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