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Biology > Chapter 2-Biological molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is a macromolecule and its types

A

A macromolecule are very large molecules; Polysaccharide
Protein,
Nucleic acid
and these are known as polymers

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2
Q

what are polymers

A

Are large molecules made of several similar repeating sub units called Monomers and form a chain

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3
Q

which reaction removes water and which reaction adds water

A

Condensation- removes
Hydrolisis- adds

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4
Q

the main types of monosaccharides in carbs are

A

-trioses 3C
-Pentoses 5C
-Hexoses 6C

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5
Q

Which type of glucose molecule has the OH group ABOVE the ring

A

beta glucose

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6
Q

Functions of Monosaccharides
2*

A

+Helps with being a source of energy in respiration
+Used as building blocks to create polysaccharides

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7
Q

the 3 common examples of disaccharides are

A

-Lactose
-Maltose
-sucrose

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8
Q

What joins to form Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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9
Q

what is the oxygen bridge that is formed from a condensation reaction
*bond

A

GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

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10
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

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11
Q

what type of glucose makes starch and glycogen

A

Alpha glucose

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12
Q

3 advantages of starch and glycogen

A

-inert
-insoluble
-compact

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13
Q

starch is made up of 2 different polysaccharides

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

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14
Q

what is the main difference between amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose is unbranched/linear and follows a 1,4 bond while Amylopectin is branched following 1,6 and 1,4 bonds

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15
Q

cellulose forms how much percentage of the cell wall

A

20-40%

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16
Q

cellulose is made up of what type of glucose

A

BETA

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17
Q

What’s the difference between cellulose structures VS starch and Glycogen

A

It is turned 180 degrees so that the -OH group of C1 and C4 align.

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18
Q

how many cellulose molecules make a microfibril

A

60-70

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19
Q

glue like substances called _______________ hold the cellulose fibres well
*it has the word cellulose in it

A

Hemicellulose

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20
Q

advantages of having a tensile strength from the cellulose molecules

A

-helps in osmosis with turgor pressure, preventing the cells from bursting

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21
Q

the unequal distribution of charge is called a ___________

A

Dipole

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22
Q

molecules which are hydrophobic are said to be

A

NON-POLAR

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23
Q

Fatty acids contain the acid group:

A

-COOH
( carboxylic acid)

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24
Q

what is the main difference between unsaturated and saturated fats

A

Unsaturated -C=C-C (double bond) -fewer hydrogen bonds
Saturated -C-C-C(no double bond)- more hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

why are most oils unsaturated

A

This is because double bonds make fatty acids and lipids melt more

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26
Q

More than one double bond in unsaturated fats are known as

A

Polyunsaturated

27
Q

ALCOHOL+AN ACID=

A

AN ESTER bond

28
Q

what is a glyceride

A

This is an ester formed by a fatty acid combining with the alcohol glycerol

29
Q

why are triglycerides insoluble in water

A

this is because they are non polar and have no uneven distributed charge so cannot mix freely with water

30
Q

4 uses of triglycerides

A

-energy store
-buoyancy
-water proofing
-thermal insulation

31
Q

what properties do phospholipids contain and state whether they are polar or non polar

A

2 fatty acids (non polar)
a phosphate group (polar)

32
Q

what term is used to describe both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

amphipathic

33
Q

the property of phospholipids enables it to make a ___ __________ of the _____ _______________

A

-phospholipid bi layer
-cell membrane

34
Q

what are monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

35
Q

what are the names of the long chains formed by proteins

A

-polypeptides

36
Q

Instead of glycosidic bonds in amino acids, they are referred to as
_____________ bonds

A

-peptide bonds

37
Q

which chemical element is present in proteins that isn’t in carbs

A

-nitrogen

38
Q

List 5 functions of proteins

A

-ENZYMES
-Components of cell membranes
-some hormones are proteins
-Haemoglobin is protein
-collagen adds strengths to tissues
-keratin in hair and skin
-muscle contractions- actin
-storage products

39
Q

which elements are present in an amine group

A

NH2

40
Q

POLYSACCHARIDE VS POLYPEPTIDE

A

Polysaccharide- carbohydrate
Polypeptide- protein

41
Q

where do amino acids assemble in cells

A

RIBOSOMES

42
Q

PRIMARY SRUCTURE:

A

This is the type and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain with covalent bonds

43
Q

SECONDARY STRUCTURE:

A

This involves the folding of the polypeptide chain. This is due to the hydrogen bonding between the amino acids.

44
Q

what are they types of secondary structures

A
  • alpha helix
  • Beta pleated sheet
45
Q

difference between the quaternary structure and tertiary

A

Tertiary- one polypeptide chain
Quaternary - more than one polypeptide chain

46
Q

describe the structure and function of Globular proteins

A

-Soluble
(hydrophobic groups point inwards while hydrophilic groups fold outwards)
-Physiological functions
-metabolically active
-bended and circular
-amino acid sequence is irregular

47
Q

Describe how Haemoglobin is soluble

A

-The interactions between the HYDROPHOBIC R groups hold the haemoglobin in a 3D shape
-The HYDROPHILIC R groups point outwards maintaining the solubility of the molecule

48
Q

What does the presence of the Haem group enable

A

allows an easier binding of oxygen molecules, with them combining with iron atoms

49
Q

Describe the structure and function of Fibrous proteins

A

-Insoluble
-their functions are structural
-they have a repetitive amino acid sequence
-they are long strands
-an example is collagen

50
Q

acronym for distinguishing the 2 proteins

A

S hapes
A mino acids sequence
F unction
E xamples
S olubility

51
Q

how many chains do collagen fibres have

A

3

52
Q

describe the structure of collagen

A
  • its 3rd amino acid is always glycine allowing a tight bond
  • the collagen molecule are linked with other molecules running PARALLEL with Covalent bonds leading to many collagen molecules to form fibrils
  • the ends of the parallel molecules are staggered to prevent weak spots
  • many microfibrils lead to fibres forming
53
Q

difference between covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds

A

Covalent bonds- these occur due to chemical bonds sharing of electrons
Hydrogen bonds- occurs between attraction forces /oppositely charged

54
Q

how is water considered a polar molecule

A

oxygen has a slight negative charge, hydrogen has a slight positive charge, the unequal distribution of electrons creates charges

55
Q

why are water molecules hard to break

A

They have a large number of hydrogen bonds compared to covalent bonds

56
Q

which groups are considered hydrophilic

A

-OH
-C=O
N-H

57
Q

the dipole nature of water give its properties:
*hint 4

A

1)it is a solvent
2)it is a transporting medium
3)it has a high specific heat capacity
4)it has a high latent heat of vaporisation

58
Q

how is water an exemplary solvent

A

-Because of its two opposite charges, an ion that is either charged can be attracted to the opposite charge that is on the water molecule and therefore separates them.

59
Q

the high specific heat capacity of water has important biological implications, mention 2:

A

-Our cells which contain a high proportion of water means that temperature can be maintained and more constant than air
-Large water bodies can maintain its cool temperature which can maintain habitats

60
Q

what is latent heat of vaporisation

A

the amount of heat energy needed to vaporise a liquid

61
Q

why does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation

A

due to the sticking of water molecules by hydrogen bonds

62
Q

what are the important biological implications of a high latent vaporisation

A

-can be seen in mammals when sweating occurs,
-transpiration
-when water turns into ice however, it must lose a very high amount of heat energy making it less likely for aquatic animals to freeze.

63
Q

Which bonds are considered Covalent bonds and which bonds are not

A

COVALENT -disulfide bonds
-Peptide bonds

NOT COVALENT -Hydrogen bonds
-ionic bonds

Biology (12 decks)

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