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Biology > Chapter 6- Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Nucleic Acid Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the monomers that form DNA

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

Nucleotides are made up of 3 smaller components:

A

-A phosphate head
-Nitrogenous base
-A pentose sugar

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3
Q

what’s the difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

Deoxyribose is short one oxygen

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4
Q

state the bases found in DNA and RNA

A

DNA- adenine , thymine, guanine, cytosine
RNA-adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

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5
Q

what is the structure of ATP made up of

A

-3 phosphate groups
-a ribose
-Adenine

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6
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A
  • made up of 2 polynucleotide strands with a double helix
  • contains complementary bases
  • The chains run in opposite directions (antiparallel) 5’-3’ and vice versa
  • the complementary bases have hydrogen bonds
  • Phosphodiester bonds that form between the sugarn and phosphate to form the backbone of nucleic acids
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7
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between A-T and G-C

A

A-T= 2
G-C=3

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8
Q

What’s the difference between purines and pyrimidine

A

Purine- 2 ringed structures (A & G)
Pyrimidine- 1 ringed structure (T&C)

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9
Q

How many phosphate groups does ADP, AMP and ATP have

A

AMP- 1
ADP- 2
ATP- 3

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10
Q

How does ATP release energy

A

This occurs when one phosphate group is broken down through hydrolysis. energy is released and ATP becomes ADP

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11
Q

What are the 2 key abilities of DNA

A

-the ability to accurately replicate
-the ability to store information through their bases

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12
Q

which bonds form the sugar phosphate backbone

A

phosphodiester bonds

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13
Q

Which enzymes are involved in DNA replication

A

-DNA polymerase
-DNA- helicase
-DNA ligase

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14
Q

The break down of hydrogen bonds is carried by the enzyme

A

DNA helicase

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15
Q

What is the function of the DNA polymerase

A

it joins and aligns the free nucleotides to each other by phosphodiester bonds

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16
Q

what are the lagging and leading strands

A

Leading- when its 3’-5’, the strand copied runs in the same direction as the helicase enzyme
Lagging- 5’-3’, strand runs the opposite direction as the helicase enzyme

17
Q

what results to Okazaki fragments

A
  • the discontinuous copying of the DNA strand by DNA polymerase which leads to fragments left out
18
Q

what is the role of DNA ligase

A

Helps to join Okazaki fragments to form proper phosphodiester bonds

19
Q

What is semi conservative replication

A

This is when the DNA molecule is copied to form 2 identical molecules with one new strand forming and the original strand joining

20
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

21
Q

mention any three differences between the structure of RNA and DNA

A

RNA
»short and is a single strand
»do not have the base thymine but instead uracil
»contains the pentose sugar ribose and not deoxyribose

22
Q

what is a gene

A

a sequence of nucleotides that forms part of DNA That codes for a specific amino acid that in turn, creates a polypeptide chain

23
Q

what is a codon

A

This a triplet base e.g ACG

24
Q

What are the features of the genetic code

A

> triplet code
> it is universal
> code has punctuations
>it is degenerate

25
Q

what does it mean when the genetic code is universal

A

-Almost all living organisms have the same codon code meaning that genes are transferable

26
Q

what does it mean when the genetic code is degenerate

A

Multiple codons can code for the same type of amino acid

27
Q

Protein synthesis occurs in 2 main processes:

A

-Transcription
-Translation

28
Q

what are the 8 key terms when describing protein synthesis

A

> mRNA
>tRNA
>Anti codon
>codon
>ribosome
>amino acid
> peptide bond
>polypeptide

29
Q

what is transcription

A

It is the copying of the information of the DNA into mRNA in the nucleus

30
Q

describe the steps taken for transcription

A

1-In the nucleus, the enzyme helicase breaks down the hydrogen bonds between the 2 DNA strands
2-RNA polymerase attaches to the beginning of the gene. one strand will act as a template (transcribed strand)
3-Free RNA nucleotides line up against their complementary bases with the help of RNA polymerase
4- once a STOP codon arrives transcription is completed. the strand of RNA is released by polymerase which goes to the ribosomes

31
Q

what is RNA splicing

A

When the non coding sections (introns) of RNA are removed to join the coding sections(exons)

32
Q

What is an anticodon

A

A triplet of unpaired bases in the tRNA

33
Q

Describe Translation

A

1-RNA splicing occurs
2-mRNA attaches to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
3- Each tRNA has the complementary anticodon to the codon in the mRNA
4-The first tRNA forms a hydrogen bond to the START codon and the next anticodon forms another hydrogen bond. This results into a peptide bond forming
5-the ribosome moves in the 5’-3’ direction and translates the next codon
6-This continues until a polypeptide chain forms. Once a STOP codon reaches then the chain is complete

34
Q

what is a gene mutation

A

The random change in the base sequence within the gene

35
Q

Describe substitution in mutation

A

This occurs when a random base in the sequence is replaced with another different nitrogenous base
it can take 3 forms:
- silent substitution- the mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence
- Missense substitution- the mutation alters one amino acid.
- Nonsense substitution- This is a mutation that involves substituting a STOP codon resulting in the polypeptide being incomplete

36
Q

what is insertion and deletion mutation

A

when one of the nucleotides is permanently removed from the DNA strand or one of the nucleotide is added to the DNA strand

37
Q

what is a frameshift

A

This a complete change in the base sequence

Biology (12 decks)

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