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Biology > Chapter 5- Mitotic cell cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Mitotic cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

A sequence of events that takes place between one cell division and the next

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2
Q

the combination of DNA and protein Is called a

A

chromatin

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3
Q

What are chromosomes

A

these are structures made up of one very long condensed DNA molecule

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4
Q

what is the role of histone proteins

A

These condense and organise DNA tightly so as to to fit into the nucleus

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5
Q

describe the structure of a full chromosome from DNA

A

1-DNA
2-Histone proteins
3-chromatin
4-chromatid
5-chromosome

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6
Q

why is it important to ensure the 2 chromatid sisters are identical

A

-these is so that the 2 daughter cells formed are genetically identical as they contain the same DNA

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7
Q

the ends of chromatids are sealed with protective structures called
_________________

A

telomeres

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8
Q

chromatin exists in 2 forms

A

euchromatin- loosely coiled
heterochromatin- tightly coiled

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9
Q

what is mitosis

A

A nuclear division that produces 2 genetically identical daughter nuclei each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent

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10
Q

the mitotic cell cycle consists of

A

-Interphase
-Mitosis division
-cytokinesis

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11
Q

what takes place in the S phase for interphase

A

-the synthesis phase involves DNA replication so that each chromosome consists of 2 identical chromatids

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12
Q

What takes place in the G1 phase

A

GROWTH: Here the production RNA, enzymes and proteins are made.

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13
Q

What takes place in the G2 phase

A

-This phase checks if there were any errors in DNA before going to mitosis. These errors are fixed at this stage

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14
Q

what are the 4 main stages in order of mitosis

A

1-prophase
2-metaphase
3-anaphase
4-telophase

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15
Q

what takes place in early and late prophase

A

EARLY- the chromosomes start to be visible and coil and shorten up
>nucleus wall is still intact
>centrosomes duplicate
LATE-the chromosomes consist of paired chromatids
>nucleus begins to break down
>centrosomes begin to move opposite sides of the cell.

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16
Q

what takes place in metaphase

A

-spindles attach to the centromeres
-Centrosomes are at opposite poles chromosomes line up across the equator
-chromosomes split from their centromeres and the chromatids start to be pulled apart.

17
Q

What takes place in anaphase

A

-the now chromatids move from the equator to the opposite poles pulled by microtubules

18
Q

What takes place in telophase

A

-Nucleus and nucleus envelope reform
-The chromatids uncoil and thin up
-remains of the spindle fibres will break down
-cytokinesis occurs and the cell spilts into two.

19
Q

Describe the roles and function of the centromeres

A

-centromeres is needed for the splitting of the chromatids during mitosis
-acts as a site for attachment of spindle microtubules
-there are 2 kinetochores

20
Q

What are the biological significance of mitosis

A

-Growth
-repair of damaged tissues
-replacement of cells
-asexual reproduction
-immune response (clonal expansion)

21
Q

What is the main function of telomeres

A

To ensure that when DNA is replicated the ends of the molecule are included in the replication and not left out. Therefore to prevent loss of genes during cell division and to allow continued replication.

22
Q

What is a stem cell

A

Stem cells are cells that can divide multiple times by mitosis

23
Q

What is potency of a stem cell

A

Refers to the extent of the power of a stem cell to produce different cell types

24
Q

what are totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells

A

Totipotent- stem cells that can form any type of cell in a body
Pluripotent- Stem cells that form any type of cell that make up the body
Multipotent- stem cells that can develop into more than one cell type

25
Q

what is cancer a result of

A

the uncontrolled cell division of mitosis forming a tumour

26
Q

any agent that causes cancer is called a

A

carcinogen

27
Q

What do tumours do to the body

A

-Damage and invade the body tissue
-interfere with the normal functioning of the area they have started to grow
-block the intestines lungs or blood vessels

28
Q

What are second growths referred to as

A

metastasis

Biology (12 decks)

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