Chapter 10 - Intelligence Flashcards
What is intelligence?
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
What is school smarts?
When intelligence is measured, it suits a test
Who did the idea of general intelligence come from?
The work of Charles Spearman (1863-1945) who helped develop the factor analysis approach in statistics: a procedure of research which measures clusters of related items
What is an example of general intelligence?
Athleticism = coordination, processing speed, and memory
Contemporary Intelligence Theories
What is Howard Gardner’s theory?
Intelligence comes in multiple forms. Gardner notes that brain damage may diminish one type of ability but not others.
What is savant syndrome?
Savants have a developmental disability and an under 25 IQ but with one or two forms of brilliance. People with savant syndrome excel in abilities unrelated to general intelligence.
Ex. Kim Peek
Who is Alonzo Clemons?
Alonzo suffered a head injury in an accident that changed his life. He can’t do basic things like feed himself, but he can sculpt.
Who is Leslie Lemke?
Born with severe birth defects that required doctors to remove his eyes, but could play piano at 16 years old flawlessly without classical music training
What are Howard Gardner’s 8 types of intelligences? And the speculated 9th?
- Logical-matematical
- Linguistic
- Spatial
- Musical
- Bodily-kinesthetic
- Intrapersonal
- Interpersonal
- Naturalistic
and Existential
What is the purpose of the Multiple Intelligence scale?
- Assess one’s strengths and weaknesses
- Help guide students in school and education
- Understand own learning needs
- Help choose a career
- Helps succeed academically
Who is Robert Sternberg?
Sternberg also agrees with Gardner, but suggests 3 intelligences rather than 8
What are Sternberg’s 3 intelligences?
- Analytical intelligence: that is assesed by intelligence tests
- Creative intelligence: that makes us adapt to novel situations, generating novel ideas
- Practical intelligence: that is required for everyday tasks (ex. street smarts)
Who are Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon?
Developed questions that would predict children’s future progress in the Paris school system; assessing an individual’s aptitudes and giving them a score
Who are Lewis Terman and W. Stern?
In the US, Lewis Terman adapted Binet’s test for American school children and named the test the Stanford-Binet Test. IQ (Intelligence Quotient was introduced by William Stern
What is the formula for IQ?
IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100
What are the ranges of IQ?
Average IQ - around 100
Intellectual Delay - under 70
Exceptional - over 130
Who is David Wechsler?
Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) an overall intelligence test assessing other aspects
Currently the most widely used for children
What is the difference between an achievement test and an aptitude test?
Achievement tests: reflect what you have learned (ex. chapter tests and exams)
Aptitude tests: predict your ability to learn new skills (ex. LSAT, SATS, MCATS)
Principles of Test Construction
What is standardization?
Standardizing a test involves administering the test to a rep. sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison (ex. OSSLT, EQAO)
When graphed, it will show a normal curve
Principles of Test Construction
What is reliability?
A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. You can depend on its accuracy of assessing people.
Principles of Test Construction
Procedures of reliability?
- Split-half reliability: dividing the test into two equal halves and assesing how consistent the scores are
- Test-retest reliability: using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency
Principles of Test Construction
What is validity?
Refers to what the test is supposed to measure or predict
Principles of Test Construction
Kinds of validity?
- Content validity: refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait (ex. written drivers test)
- Predictive validity: refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait (ex. SAT or LSAT, MCAT)
What is the Flynn Effect?
In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points