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AP Psychology > Chapter 8 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is evidence that learning has persisted over time

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2
Q

What are self-defining memories?

A

A memory most meaningul to you: contains emotional intensity vividness, repetition, connects and links to your identity

ex. ms. ercoli’s grandmother passing away = compassion, empathy

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3
Q

What is the sequential process of information processing?

A
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
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4
Q

Define the Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage model of learning

A

Includes:
- sensory memory
- short-term memory (20 seconds)
- long-term memory

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5
Q

Define automatic processing

Encoding

A

space - ex. remember info on the page
time - ex. retrace your steps if you forgot your coat
frequency - ex. how many times things happen
language - ex. words

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6
Q

Define effortful processing

Encoding

A

When info requires your effort and attention to take in

ex. remember names, subject content

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7
Q

Define rehearsal

Encoding

A

Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition

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8
Q

Who studied rehearsal?

A

Ebbinghaus

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9
Q

Define spacing effect

Encoding

A

We retain info better when we rehearse over time

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10
Q

Define serial position effect

Encoding

A

When your recall for first is best and last items are remembered better on a list, but poor for middle items

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11
Q

Define self-reference effect

Encoding

A

Remember words/events that were about ourselves better

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12
Q

Define rosy retrospection

Encoding

A

Remembering positive words/events over the negative

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13
Q

What are ways of encoding using Effortful Processing?

Encoding

A
  1. Semantic encoding - processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine (ex. putting things into your own words)
  2. Visual-mental/photo images
  3. Acoustic (sound) encoding - creating a song or info to music
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14
Q

Define chunking

Encoding

A

The processing of info into groupings

ex. ROY G BIV

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15
Q

Define mnemonics

Encoding

A

Use vivid imagery or acoustic coding and organizational devices in aiding memory

ex. DKPCOFGS

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16
Q

Encoding in a hierarchy?

Encoding

A

Encoding (automatic or effortful)
Meaning, Imagery, Organization
Chunks, Hierarchies

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17
Q

What are the three stores of memory?

Storage

A

Sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory

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18
Q

Define implicit memory

Storage - long term memory

A

Information that is automatically processed (cerebellum)

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19
Q

Define explicit memory

Storage - long term memory

A

New information that requires attention and effort (hippocampus)

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20
Q

What is the cerebellum?

Storage

A

A neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories

21
Q

What is the hippocampus?

Storage

A

A neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit, stored memories

22
Q

What does the hippocampus store?

Storage

A

Facts - general knowledge
Personally experienced events

23
Q

What does the cerebellum store?

Storage

A

Skills - motor and cognitive
Classical and operant conditioning

24
Q

What is the story of Clive Wearing?

Storage

A

no explicit memory, has implicit memory

25
Q

Define anterograde amnesia

Storage

A

Lost hippocampus and cannot make new memories

26
Q

Kinds of sensory memories?

Storage

A
  • ionic (0.5 sec long) eyes
  • echoic (3-4 secs long) ears
  • hepatic (<1 sec long) hands
27
Q

Define long-term potentiation (LTP)

Storage

A

Refers to synaptic enhancement and strengtheening after learning and memory

28
Q

Define flash bulb memories

Storage

A

Heightened emotions make for stronger memories, the nervous system takes a snapshot of the memory

ex. car accident

29
Q

Define stress related memories

Storage

A

When stress related memories are prolonged (ex. abuse, combat) neural connections get corroded and the hippocampus shrinks

may explain why ppl go back to toxic relationships

30
Q

Define recognition

Retrieval

A

The person must identify an item amongst other choices

ex. multuple choice test

31
Q

Define recall

Retrieval

A

The person must retrieve information using effort

ex. fill in the blank test

32
Q

Define retrieval cues

Retrieval

A

Anchors that help retrieve memory (web of associations)

33
Q

Define priming

Retrieval

A

To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it

seeing hearing rabbit -> activates concept -> spelling hair/hare as hare

34
Q

Define context effects

Retrieval

A

Putting yourself back in the environment where you experienced something can trigger your memory

ex. scuba divers remindering words underwater

35
Q

Define deja vu

Retrieval

A

Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience

36
Q

Theories of deja vu?

Retrieval

A
  • generalization
  • “neural hiccup” (track gets delayed)
  • inattention blindness
37
Q

Define the pollyanna principle

Retrieval

A

We process pleasant items in our minds more efficiently, and minimize unpleasant events

38
Q

Define hyperthymestic syndrome

Retrieval

A

The ability to recall every event of every day of your life in full detail

ex. Jill Price

39
Q

Why do we forget?

Retrieval

A
  • encoding failure
  • storage decay
  • retrieval failure
40
Q

Define proactive interference

Retrieval

A

When prior learning disrupts new learning

ex. can’t memorize friend’s new phone # bc of old one

41
Q

Define retroactive interference

Retrieval

A

When new learning disrupts old learning

ex. learning french then spanish, then diffcult recall of french

42
Q

Preventer of interference?

Retrieval

A

Sleep

43
Q

Define motivated forgetting

Retrieval

A

People unknowingly protect self concept

44
Q

Define repression

Retrieval

A

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

45
Q

Define misinformation effect

Retrieval

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

ex. eyewitnesses of a car accident

46
Q

Define source amnesia

Retrieval

A

Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined

ex. Mr. Magic

47
Q

Why is children’s eyewitness recall unreliable?

Retrieval

A

Ages 3-6 yrs old are still developing in the prefrontal cortex

48
Q

Who studied constructed memories?

Retrieval

A

Elizabeth Loftus - if false memories are implanted in individuals, they construct their memories

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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