chapter 10 muscles tissues

Question 1

list the functions of the muscles tissues

Answer 1

Producing movement

Maintaining posture and body position

Supporting soft tissues

Guarding body entrances and exits

Maintaining body temperature

Storing nutrients

Question 2

Collagen fibers of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together
At ends of muscles to form?

Answer 2

tendon and aponeurosis

Question 3

Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)
Contains
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Blood vessels
Nerves

which layer is this one ?

Answer 3

Perimysium

Question 4

Layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the muscle
Connected to deep fascia
Separates muscle from surrounding tissue which layer is this?

Answer 4

Epimysium

Question 5

Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
Contains
Capillary networks
Myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage
Nerve fibers

what layer is this ?

Answer 5

Endomysium

Question 6

Lengthwise subdivisions within a muscle fiber
Responsible for muscle contraction
Made of bundles of protein filaments (myofilaments)

Two types of myofilaments
Thin filaments
Composed primarily of actin
Thick filaments
Composed primarily of myosin

what part is this of the muscles skeleton fiber ?

Answer 6

Myofibril

Question 7

Smallest functional units of a muscle fiber
Interactions between filaments produce contraction

Arrangement of filaments accounts for striated pattern of myofibrils

what part is this ?

Answer 7

Sarcomeres

Question 8

Contain F-actin, nebulin, tropomyosin, and troponin proteins

which filament does this belong

Answer 8

thin filament

Question 9

Dark region
Where thick and thin filaments overlap
what part of the a band is this?

Answer 9

zone of overlap

Question 9

Holds F-actin strand together
which filament is this one?

Answer 9

Nebulin

Question 10

Covers active sites on G-actin
Prevents actin–myosin interaction
what filament is this

Answer 10

Tropomyosin

Question 11

A globular protein
Binds tropomyosin, G-actin, and Ca2+
which filament?

Answer 11

Troponin

Question 12

def the motorneuron control

Answer 12

a stimulus arrives at the axon terminal

Question 13

Excitation in contraction what does it release and where does is go into?

Answer 13

release the ach into the synaptic cleft, later into the sacrolemma

Question 14

release of calcium ions function, where does it travel, where does it relase ca2+

Answer 14

travel down to the sarcolemma and to the t tubules, triggers the release of calcium to the cisternae to the sacroplasmic reticulum

Question 15

what goes on during the contraction phase, when ca2+ arrvies

Answer 15

ca2+ binds to troponin, creating a cross bridge formation

Question 16

sarcomere shortening what going on

Answer 16

thick and thin filament are interacting, both ends of the muscles are shortening

Question 17

what are the steps of the contraction phase in arrival of ca2+

Answer 17

1. Contraction cycle begins
2. Active-site exposure
   ​3. Cross-bridge formation (myosin binds to actin)
3. Myosin head pivoting (power stroke)
4. Cross-bridge detachment
5. Myosin reactivation

Question 18

A single neural stimulation produces a single contraction, Lasts 7–100 msec
what is the term for this?

Answer 18

Twitch

Question 19

A stair-step increase in tension
Caused by repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation phase
Stimulus frequency <50/second

Produces a series of contractions with increasing tension

Typically seen in cardiac muscle and not skeletal muscles

which term is this one?

Answer 19

Treppe

Question 20

Increasing tension due to summation of twitches
Caused by repeated stimulations before the end of relaxation phase

Stimulus frequency >50/second

what is the definition of this ?

Answer 20

wave summation

Question 21

Muscle produces near-maximum tension
Caused by rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation
which tetanus is this ?

Answer 21

incomplete tetanus

Question 22

Higher stimulation frequency eliminates relaxation phase
Muscle is in continuous contraction
All potential cross-bridges form

which tetanus is this ?

Answer 22

complete tetanus

Question 23

Skeletal muscle changes length
Resulting in motion

name the contraction of this ?

Answer 23

Isotonic

Question 24

Muscle tension > load (resistance) Muscle shortens is concentric or eccentric

Answer 24

concentric

Question 25

Muscle tension < load Muscle elongates is concentric or eccentric

Answer 25

eccentric

Question 26

Skeletal muscle develops tension that never exceeds the load Muscle does not change length name the contraction of this one ?

Answer 26

Isometric

Question 27

is a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls May contain a few muscle fibers or thousands All fibers in a motor unit contract at the same time what is the term is this

Answer 27

Motor Unit

Question 28

Increase in the number of active motor units Produces smooth, steady increase in tension Maximum tension is achieved when all motor units reach complete tetanus what is the definition of this ?

Answer 28

recruitment

Question 29

is the only energy source used directly for muscle contraction what is the energy source

Answer 29

ATP

Question 30

ATP transfers energy to creatine. what is the end product of this

Answer 30

CP

Question 31

Important energy source for peak muscular activity Breaks down glucose from glycogen stored in skeletal muscles Produces two ATP per molecule of glucose which process is this

Answer 31

Anaerobic

Question 32

what is the use of CK

Answer 32

Catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy stored in CP

Question 33

Primary energy source of resting muscles Breaks down fatty acids is this Anaerobic or Aerobic

Answer 33

Aerobic

Question 34

what is the function of skeletal muscles of the metabolism?

Answer 34

rest metabolize fatty acids and store glycogen and CP During moderate activity, muscles generate ATP through aerobic breakdown of glucose, primarily At peak activity, pyruvate produced via glycolysis is converted to lactate

Question 35

the layers of muscles from superficial to deep

Answer 35

1. epimysium 2. perimysium, 3. Fascicles, 4. Endomysium, 5. Muscles Fiber, 6. Myofibirl

Question 36

what happens in the excitable membrane where is found, the events,

Answer 36

Are found in skeletal muscle fibers and neurons Depolarization and repolarization events produce action potentials (electrical impulses) Skeletal muscle fibers contract due to stimulation by motor neurons

Question 37

Two terminal cisternae plus a T tubule forms a

Answer 37

Traid

Question 38

what does the sacromplasic reticulum surround, what do they form and what do they attach to

Answer 38

A tubular network surrounding each myofibril Similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum Forms chambers (terminal cisternae) that attach to T tubules

Question 39

what are the steps of the sliding filament theory

Answer 39

During a contraction, 1.H bands and I bands narrow 2.Zones of overlap widen 3. Z lines move closer together 4. Width of A band remains constant Thus, thin filaments must slide toward center of sarcomere

Question 40

what does rigort mortis fixed and when does is does happens

Answer 40

Fixed muscular contraction after death Results when ATP runs out and ion pumps cease to function Calcium ions build up in cytosol

Question 41

excitation and coupling where does the action potential travels, what does is release, and the events

Answer 41

Action potential travels down T tubules to triads Ca2+ is released from terminal cisternae of SR Ca2+ binds to troponin and changes its shape Troponin–tropomyosin complex changes position Exposes active sites on thin filaments Contraction cycle is initiated

Question 42

list of the characteristics of fast fiber muscles

Answer 42

Majority of skeletal muscle fibers Contract very quickly Large diameter Large glycogen reserves Few mitochondria Produce strong contractions, but fatigue quickly

Question 43

list of the characteristics of slow fibers

Answer 43

Slow to contract and slow to fatigue Small diameter Numerous mitochondria High oxygen supply from extensive capillary network Contain myoglobin (red pigment that binds oxygen)

Question 44

list of the characteristics of intermediate fibers

Answer 44

Are mid-sized Little myoglobin Slower to fatigue than fast fibers

Question 45

(e.g., 50-meter dash, weight lifting) Uses fast fibers and stimulates hypertrophy Improved by frequent, brief, intensive workouts what is the term for this

Answer 45

anaerobic

Question 46

(prolonged activities) Supported by mitochondria Does not stimulate muscle hypertrophy Training involves sustained, low levels of activity what is the term for this?

Answer 46

aerobic