chapter 4 tissues

Question 1

what are the four types of tissues ?

Answer 1

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 2

what is epithelial tissues

Answer 2

Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways
Forms glands

Question 3

what is connective tissues

Answer 3

Fills internal spaces
Supports other tissues
Transports materials
Stores energy

Question 4

what is the function of epithelial

Answer 4

Provide physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretions

Question 5

what are the characteristics of epithelial

Answer 5

Polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
Cellularity (cell junctions)
Attachment (basement membrane)
Avascularity (avascular)
Regeneration

Question 6

what are Specializations of epithelial cells

Answer 6

Move fluids over the epithelium (protection)
Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)
Produce secretions (protection and messaging

Question 7

what does mircovilla do?

Answer 7

increase absorption or secretion

Question 8

what do cilia do on ciliated epithelium

Answer 8

move fluids

Question 9

Integrity of epithelia is maintained by

Answer 9

Intercellular connections
Attachment to the basement membrane
Epithelial maintenance and repair

Question 10

what are the protein for intercellular connections

Answer 10

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Transmembrane proteins

Proteoglycans act as intercellular cement

Question 11

the functions of gap junction

Answer 11

Allow rapid communication

Cells held together by interlocking

transmembrane proteins (connexons)

Allow small molecules and ions to pass

Coordinate contractions in heart muscle

Question 12

the function of tight junction

Answer 12

Between two plasma membranes

Adhesion belt attaches to terminal web

Prevent passage of water and solutes

Keep enzymes, acids, and wastes in the

lumen of the digestive tract

Question 13

what are the two types of desmosmomes

Answer 13

Spot desmosomes
Tie cells together
Allow bending and twisting

Hemidesmosomes
Attach cells to the basement membrane

Question 14

the types of basement membrane

Answer 14

Basal lamina
Closest to the epithelium

Reticular lamina
Deeper portion of basement membrane
Provides strength

Question 15

what types of cells are used to repair and maintenance

Answer 15

stem cells

Question 16

the types of squamous tissues

Answer 16

Simple squamous epithelia
Absorption and diffusion

Mesothelium
Lines body cavities

Endothelium
Forms inner lining of heart and blood vessels

Stratified squamous epithelia
Protect against mechanical stresses
Keratin adds strength and water resistance

Question 17

the types of cuboidal

Answer 17

Simple cuboidal epithelia
Secretion and absorption
Glands and portions of kidney tubules

Stratified cuboidal epithelia
Relatively rare
Ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

Question 18

the function of transitional epithelia

Answer 18

Tolerate repeated cycles of stretching without damage
Appearance changes as stretching occurs
Found in urinary bladder

Question 19

the types of columnar

Answer 19

Simple columnar epithelia
Absorption and secretion
Found in stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
Typically have cilia
Found in nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

Stratified columnar epithelia
Relatively rare
Provide protection in pharynx, anus, urethra

Question 20

what is the difference of endo and exocrine

Answer 20

endocrine has no duct enter hormones into the bloodstream, exocrine has ducts

Question 21

define the unicellular gland

Answer 21

Goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands

In epithelia of intestines

Secrete mucin, which mixes with water to form mucus

Question 22

what does merocrine do ?

Answer 22

Released by secretory vesicles (exocytosis)
Example: merocrine sweat glands

Question 23

wha does apocrine do

Answer 23

Released by shedding cytoplasm
Example: mammary glands

Question 24

what is the function of holocrine

Answer 24

Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells
Gland cells replaced by stem cells
Example: sebaceous glands, associated with hair follicles

Question 25

what are the components of connective tissues

Answer 25

Specialized cells Extracellular protein fibers Fluid called ground substance

Question 26

define fibroblasts

Answer 26

The most abundant cell type Found in all types of connective tissue proper Secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)

Question 27

the functions of connective tissues

Answer 27

Establishing a structural framework for the body Transporting fluids and dissolved materials Protecting delicate organs Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue Storing energy reserves, especially triglycerides Defending the body from invading microorganisms

Question 28

define fibrocytes

Answer 28

Second most abundant cell type Maintain connective tissue fibers connect with other cells

Question 29

define mesenchymal cells

Answer 29

Stem cells that respond to injury or infection Differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.

Question 30

define macrophages cells

Answer 30

Large phagocytic cells of the immune system Engulf pathogens and damaged cells Fixed macrophages stay in tissue Free macrophages migrate

Question 31

define mast cells

Answer 31

Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection Release histamine and heparin Basophils are leukocytes that also contain histamine and heparin

Question 32

defin microphages

Answer 32

Phagocytic blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils) Attracted to signals from macrophages and mast cells

Question 32

the function of collagen fibers

Answer 32

Most common fibers in connective tissue proper Long, straight, and unbranched Strong and flexible Resist force in one direction Abundant in tendons and ligaments

Question 33

the fucntion of reticula fibers

Answer 33

Form a network of interwoven fibers (stroma) Strong and flexible Resist forces in many directions Stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures Example: sheaths around organs

Question 34

define the ground substance

Answer 34

Is clear, colorless, and viscous Fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement

Question 35

define the loose connective tissues

Answer 35

Packing materials” Fill spaces between organs, cushion cells, and support epithelia

Question 36

what is the areolar tissues

Answer 36

Least specialized Open framework Viscous ground substance Elastic fibers Holds capillary beds Example: under skin (subcutaneous layer)

Question 37

what is dense regular

Answer 37

Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers Tendons attach muscles to bones Ligaments connect one bone to another and stabilize organs Aponeuroses are tendinous sheets that attach a broad, flat muscle to another structure

Question 38

what is the dense irregular

Answer 38

Interwoven network of collagen fibers Provides strength to dermis Forms sheath around cartilages (perichondrium) and bones (periosteum) Forms capsules around some organs (e.g., liver, kidneys, and spleen)

Question 39

what is the function of the connective tissues

Answer 39

Provide strength and stability Maintain positions of internal organs Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Question 40

in cartilage what are the polysaccharide derivatives called

Answer 40

chondroitin sulfates

Question 41

cartilages avascular function is

Answer 41

Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor that discourages formation of blood vessels

Question 42

define the hyaline cartilage

Answer 42

Most common type Tough and somewhat flexible Reduces friction between bones Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea

Question 43

what is the fibrocartilage

Answer 43

Very durable and tough Limits movement Prevents bone-to-bone contact Found around joints, between pubic bones, and between spinal vertebrae