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Bio 66 > Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What type of information do receptors recieve

A

Sensory

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2
Q

What do receptors do

A

Transduce different energy forms into graded potentials which initiate action potentials

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3
Q

Where do receptors send information

A

To the CNS through Afferent sensory

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4
Q

Name the 5 different receptors and what do they respond to

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors = touch/pressure
  2. Thermoreceptors = temperature
  3. Photoreceptors = light
  4. Chemoreceptors = chemicals
  5. Nociceptors = pain
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5
Q

What is a Receptor potential

A

Graded potential in sensory receptor in response to environmental stimulus

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6
Q

What does the transduction process involve

A

opening and closing of ion channels

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7
Q

What is adaptation and what does it lead to

A

Decrease in receptor sensitivity during maintained stimulation

Leads to… decrease in AP frequency in afferent neuron

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8
Q

What are the two types of adaptation

A

Phasic (fast adapting receptor) = AP very quickly cease
e.g Pressure when seating

Tonic (slow adapting receptors) = persistent or slow decay of the firing APs
e.g. joint and muscle receptors that maintain posture

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9
Q

What is somatic sensation

A 
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature
Proprioception - posture and movement
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10
Q

What is chemosensation

A 
Taste = Gustation
Smell = Olfaction
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11
Q

Where are taste cells located

A

Taste buds on the surface of the tongue

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12
Q

Taste buds are located on

A

lingual papillae

Papilla = small bump

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13
Q

Name the 5 taste categories and where they are localised on the tongue

A 
Bitter = back
Sweet = tip
Sour = sides
Salty = tip
Umami = pharynx
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14
Q

What taste category is related to H+

A

Sour

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15
Q

What taste category is related to Na+

A

Salty

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16
Q

What does GPCR stand for

A

Gene protein couple

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17
Q

What steps allow us to smell

A

Odorants bind to the proteins in the membrane of cilia attached to dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons

  1. GPCR
  2. Axons of receptor neurons synapse onto olfactory bulb of brain
  3. Unique pattern of activity that brain interprets to percieve an odor
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18
Q

How many odors are coded and how many receptor proteins

A

10,000

380

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19
Q

What does the Vestibular system do and where is it located

A

Senses:
Head position
Head movement = angular acceleration in 3 dimensions
Linear acceleration

Structures are in the inner ear

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20
Q

What are the two types of vestibular sensors

A 
Otolith organs (maculae)
Semicircular canals
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21
Q

What are the two otolith organs and what do they do

A
  1. Saccule
  2. Utricle

Sense linear acceleration with respect to gravity
Each sensor has a mass of Otoliths on top of a gelatinous substance

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22
Q

Where do Olfactory receptor cells synapse

A

In the 2 olfactory bulbs

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23
Q

What are Otoliths and what do they cover

A

Calcium carbonate crystals

Utricle and saccule
Makes them heavier

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24
Q

What are semicircular canals and what do they do

A

Fluid filled endolymph

They sense ANGULAR ACCELERATION of the head in three Dimensions (X-Y-Z)

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25
What do each semicircular canal have
Crista (sensory organ)
26
What does each crista have and what happens to it
gelatinous mass, cupula on top It is pushed by endolymph movement
27
Sensory hair cells are located where | And what does each hair cell have
Otolith organs Kinocilium and Stereocilla
28
What does bending of the | stereocilla do
Stimulates or inhibits action potential frequency Therefore effects membrane potential
29
The movement of fluid will cause what to bend which stimulates hair cells
Cupula
30
Sound can be the result of vibration of what (3)
Solid Liquid Gas
31
What do sound waves cause to move and what occurs because of this movement
auditory structures which transduce into action potentials
32
Define frequency and what does it determine
number of cycles per second Determines Pitch
33
Define Intensity and what does it determine
Amplitude of wave Determines Loudness
34
What is the Stapes attached to and what do vibrations cause to happen
The oval window Auditory transduction - ripples in the cochlear fluid
35
Ripples in the cochlear fluid cause what to move? What does different pitches result in this movement
Basilar membrane Different pitches = movement in different area of basilar membrane
36
Where are high frequency sounds vibrate
Basal (at the bottom) cochlea
37
Where are low frequency sounds vibrate
Apical (at the top) cochlea
38
What is a pattern known as and what is it arranged by
Tonotopic Arranged by FREQUENCY
39
What are the steps of the audition
1. Tympanic membrane 2. Ossicles 3. Oval window 4. Movement of fluid in cochlea 5. Vibration in basilar membrane 6. Shearing between basilar and tectorial membrane 7. Bending of hair cells in organ of Corti to depolarise them
40
What is the Organ of Corti made up of
Basilar membrane + hair cells + tectorial membrane
41
What does depolarisation cause
NT release | APs in sensory neurons
42
What are the visual spectrum range in humans and what colours are at each end
400 - 750 nm ``` 400 = blue 750 = red ```
43
What is the Sclera
White fibrous tissue Attachment of muscles that move eye
44
What is the Cornea
Clear | Allows transmission of light
45
What is the Pupil
Opening for light
46
What is the Iris
Pigmented muscle around pupil Allows for pupillary dilation and constriction
47
What is the Uvea
Blood vessels
48
What are the ciliary muscles
Muscles for lens accomodation
49
What is the Retina
Posterior portion of eye Has photoreceptors such as rods and cones
50
What is the Fovea
Small region in retina with highest concentration of CONES Therefore has the greatest visual acuity (resolution)
51
What is the blind spot and where is it
Exit point for optic nerve Has no photoreceptors
52
What is accomodation What happens for far vision and near vision
Changing of lens shape to focus light on retina Far vision = flattened lens Near vision = rounded lens
53
What happens to the tension when ciliary muscles are contracted for near vision
Suspensory ligaments have lower tension and more rounded lens Parasympathetic
54
What happens to the tension when ciliary muscles are relaxed for far vision
Suspensory ligaments have HIGHER tension and more flattened lens Sympathetic
55
What is Emmetropia
Normal vision
56
What is Hyperopia
1. Farsightedness 2. Rays focus behind retina 3. Short eye 4. Convex lens needed for correction
57
What is Myopia
1. Nearsightedness 2. Rays focus in front retina 3. Long eye 4. Concave lens needed for correction
58
What is astigmatism
1. Irregular curvature of eye or lens 2. Rays do not focus 3. Uneven lens for correction
59
What does light do to photopigment molecules
Causes a chemical change
60
What is the Photopigment in rods
Rhodopsin
61
How many photopsins provide colour vision in cones
3 | Red, Green, Blue
62
What protein allows for transduction to occur
Transducin
63
Rods cells allow for
Black and white vision Most sensitive photoreceptor Vision in dim light
64
Cone cells allow for
Colour Vision | High resolution vision
65
What happens in the dark
Na channels open | Depolarisation
66
What happens in the light
Na channels are closed | Hyperpolarisation
67
Where is the visual cortex
Occipital lobe

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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