Lab Exam 1 Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

What are the three categories of WASTE

Biohazarderous
Chemical
Regular

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What are the 5 types of container in lab

Sharps
General
Biohazard 
Chemical
Bleach

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What is the coarse adjustment

Fine tunes the focus

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What are the Apertures

Controls the amount of light

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What is the magnification of the low power lens

4 x 10 = 40

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What is the magnification of the high dry power lens

40 x 10 = 400

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What is the magnification of the oil immersion lens

100 x 10 = 1000

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List the conversions of meters starting from km

1 km = 1000m (x1000)
1m = 100 cm (x100)
1cm = 10mm (x10)
1mm = 1000ym (x1000)
1ym = 1000nm (x1000)

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What substance was used in the osmosis test

sucrose

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What substance were used in the diffusion test

KMNO4

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What are the two ways of mixing substances

Mechanical vortex

Finger vortexing

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What substance was used in the concentration and tonicity test

red blood cells

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How do you work out moles

grams / molecular mass

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How do you work out molarity

moles of solute / L of solution

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How do you work out Osmolarity

X by the amount of substances
e.g. glucose = 1
NaCl = 2

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An area with higher osmolarity implies…

that water will move to that area

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What are the 3 instruments used to record bioelectrical signals

EGC
EEG
EMG

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What do amplifiers do

increased the amplitude of biological signals

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Whats the relationship with V and sensitivity

The higher the V the lower the sensitivity

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Whats the difference between DC and AC coupling and where does this occur

DC = low frequency/constant
AC = high frequency/ fluctuating a lot

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What is filtering

Unwanted low frequency is eliminated

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What is involved in signal conditioning

Amplification and filtering

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What are the 3 types of transducer

Mechnical
Pressure
Temperature

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In the membrane potential test, what two substances are the membrane either permable to

Potassium

Choride

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Nervous tissue refers to...

neurons | e.g. glial cells such as Schwann cells

Connective tissue provides

support, attaches organs, fills spaces and protection

Muscle tissue is also

contractile tissue | e.g. Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Epithelial tissue does what

covers the body, lines cavities and forms glands

Examples of epithelial tissue are...

Squamous - simple + stratified Cuboidal - cube like Columnar - plain + ciliated

Concept of Osmolarity

number of particles X molarity of solute

What is proportional to osmolarity

osmotic pressure

Detergent is an example of

Amphipathic = non polar and polar

Chloroform is...

non polar

Veg oil is...

non polar

Water is...

Polar

KMNO4 is...

Polar

What signals can be directly fed into the powerlab unit

electrical signals - requires electrodes

What are the 4 examples where a transducers must be used to convert electrical signals

Movement Temperature Muscle contraction Blood pressure and pulse

List the pathway of a biological signal

Physiological variable Transducer Amplifier Display - Chart recorder/computer

What is involved in signal conditioning

Amplification Filtering Zeroing

What is zeroing

removal of unwanted background voltage

What does AC signal mean

Alternating current

In an AC signal, what are special about them and where do they come from

The signals are changing over time | They come directly from the tissue

What is required with AC signals

A bio amplifier to enhance the signal

EGG recieve signals from...

the head

ECG recieve signals from...

the chest

What does DC signal mean

Direct Signal

In a DC signal, what is special and what do we require to use for them

The signals are slow and steady | They require the use of transducers

What is the equation for BMP

Beats (beat) / Time (seconds) X 60 seconds / 1 min

What are sensory receptors

Specialised cells or neurons that detect external and internal changes in the environment

What do sensory receptors do to the stimulus

convert them to electrical impulses

What is adaptation

during prolonged stimulus, the receptor becomes desensitised

What is a membrane potential

the separation of charges across the membrane

Reflexes involve 2 paths, what are they

Receptor | Effector

What happens for distant vision

Ciliated muscles relax Suspensory ligaments tighten Lens thins Sympathetic nervous pathway

What happens for close vision

Ciliated muscles contract Suspensory ligaments relax Lens fatter Parasympathetic nervous pathway

What is Hyperopia? And what causes it and how to fix it

Farsightedness Eyeball is too short and therefore image is focused behind the retina Correct with a convex lens

What is myopia? What causes it and how to fix it

Nearsightedness Eyeball is too long and therefore image is focused in front of retina Correct with concave lens

What is astigmatism? What does it cause

Curvature of the lens is not uniform Causes unfocused image

What are the 3 main colours

Red Green Blue

What is Jendrassik Maneuver? What does it result in

Exaggerated response due to decrease activity of inhibitory neurons This results in increase activity of spinal cord neurons that will cause recruitment of more muscle fibers

What type of lens is converging

Convex

What type of lens is diverging

Concave

2 point discrimination is detected by what receptors

Cutaneous

What is the correlation between density of cutaneous receptors and sensation

Greater density = finer sensation

What type of receptors are involved in referred pain

Nociceptors

What allows us to feel referred pain

sensory neurons from different parts of the body converge onto the same neuron

What is the Labyrinthine reflex

involves orientation of body during movement and maintains an equilibrium

What detects angular acceleration

semicircular canals

One semicircular canal detects...

horizontal movement = 30 degrees

Two semicircular canals are...

vertical = 90 degrees

What actually detects angular acceleration in the semi circular canals and how

Hair cells in the cupula They bend causes depolarisation and send nerve impulses to brain

What is the test called for the vestibular system

Barany chair

What is the reflex response to movement in the vestibular system

Nystagmus

What is nystagmus

eye movement in opposite direction

What are the 4 mechanosensations

2 Point discrimination Referred pain Audiometer Barany chair

Name the two chemosensations

Taste | Smell

What is edema

accumulation of fluids in the interstitial fluid due to improper osmotic pressure compared to blood plasma

What controls the amount of light entering the eye

Iris

What system dilates the Iris

Sympathetic

What system constricts the Iris

Parasympathetic

What is accomodation

The process associated with the eyes ability to change its lens to focus an image

What are the 3 tunics of the eye

Sclera Choroid Retina

What is visual acuity

the ability to discriminate detail

What is the name of the test for visual acuity

Snellen Eye Test

What is the test for astigmatism

Dark lines radiating from a central point

What is the formula for visual acuity

V = d/D

What is the name of the model used to study visual optics

Ingersoll eye model

What is the test for colour blindness

Ishihara test

What is the area called where the optic nerve and blood vessels are located in the eye and where there are no rods or cones

Blind spot