Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 66 > Chapter 20 Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Reproduction Flashcards

(110 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is Gametogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis (sperm) and oogenesis (egg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gonadotropic hormones are

A

FSH

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gonadal steroids are

A

Testosterone,
Estradiol
Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Accessory reproductive organs are

A

Ducts

Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Each pair of chromosomes contains…

A

two homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is DNA contained

A

in these 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

Cell that contains 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

Cell that has half the chromosomes (23)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of division is seen from zygote into an adult

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 1-22 pairs known as

A

Autosomal chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is pair 23 known as

A

Sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the three hormone sequence

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  2. Anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
  3. Gonads stimulated to secrete sex hormones and undergo gametogensis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is unique about the secretion of gonadotropins and sex hormones in females

A

It is cyclical

Menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes negative feedback in this three hormone sequence

A

Inhibin

Sex hormones secreted by gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What functions are involved in the Testes

A

Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis)

Synthesis and secretion of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two main structures in the Testes

What is located in each

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules
    Sertoli cells = spermatogenesis and secretion of inhibin
  2. Leydig cells
    Testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What parts are involved in the duct system of the male reproductive system

A

Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What secretes components of semen

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List the pathway of sperm

A 
Tubules
Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Seminiferous tubules are located in the

A

Testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does FSH initiate

A

Spermatogenesis

Secretion of inhibin by Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does LH stimualte

A

Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is testosterone (3)

What happens to the levels during puberty

A
  1. Major androgen
  2. Allows for spermatogenesis
  3. Stimulates anabolism = growth of muscles

Increased = growth of accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur

A

In the Seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
List the stages of spermatogenesis
1. Mitosis = spermatogonia divide into primary spermatocytes 2. First meiotic division = two secondary spermatocytes 3. Second meiotic division = spermatids 4. Spermiogenesis = spermatids turn into spermatozoa
26
What are Sertoli cells
support spermatogensis and protect developing sperm
27
What is the head of the sperm called
Acrosome
28
What does the sperm do at the point of fertilisation
The acrosome releases enzymes that allow the entry of the ova
29
What are the 3 structures of the penis
Glans = sensory nerve endings Erectile tissue: Corpus spongiosum Corpora cavernosae
30
What is semen
Sperm + fluids from testes
31
What can cause urine flow to be blocked
``` Enlargement of: Epididymis Seminal Vesicles Bulbourethral gland Prostate gland ```
32
What happens during an Erection (3)
Release of NO from parasympathetic axons Increases blood flow into corpora cavernosae and corpus spongiosium Increase length and width and increase pressure
33
What happens during emission (2)
Movement of semen into urethra Stimulated by sympathetic nerves = muscle contraction
34
What is ejaculation
Forcible expulsion of semen from urethra out of penis Stimulated by sympathetic nerves = muscle contraction
35
What are some causes of erectile dysfunction
``` Nerve damage Heart disease Large prostate Drugs Diabetes Psychological factors ```
36
What are the treatments for erectile dysfunction What do they do
Viagra Cialis Increase cGMP to promote vasodilation
37
What occurs in the ovaries
Gametogenesis Synthesise and secretion of hormones Ovarian cycle
38
What hormones are produced and secreted in the ovaries
Estrogen Progesterone Inhibin
39
What happens during the ovarian cycle
Follicles go through a developmental sequence Ovulation of one ovum plus follicular cells per month
40
What are the accessory organs of the female reproductive system
Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina
41
The Uterus has 3 layers which are
Perimetrium = outermost layer/connective tissue Myometrium = thick smooth muscle layer Endometrium = epithelial layers that are taken off during menstruation
42
What are the external genitalia
Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora
43
What is the clitoris
Erectile tissue (similar to penis)
44
What is the labia majora
Erectile tissue
45
What is the labia minora
Vestibule which opens: Urethra Vagina
46
What releases the Ovum
Ovary
47
What moves the Ovum to the oviduct
Fimbrial contactions | Oviduct ciliary escalator
48
Where are fertilized eggs implanted
Uterus
49
What must a sperm move through in order to get to an ovulated egg
Cervix and Uterus
50
Oogenesis (follicle growth) stimulated by
Stimulated by FSH
51
What are oogonia What do they undergo
Primitive germ cells Undergo mitotic division during fetal life
52
What happens at 7 month of gestation
Mitosis ends Oogonia enter 1st meiotic division as Primary oocytes
53
What are Primary oocytes surrounded by What do they do What are the combination of primary oocytes and the surrounding matter known as
Granulosa cells Secrete hormones Primordial follicle
54
What may happen to primary follicles
May develop more into secondary follicles
55
What happens when there is continued growth of secondary follicles What do they contain
Graafian follicle (mature) Contains fluid filled cavity known as antrum
56
What is made when the follicles divide by meiosis
Secondary oocyte
57
Where are secondary oocytes contained
Graafian follicle
58
When does the second meiotic division occur
Upon completed fertilisation
59
The steps of Oogenesis are (5)
``` Primary follicle Secondary follicle Graafian follicle First meiotic division Secondary oocyte ```
60
What is the Zona Pellucida What does it do
Thin layer in the secondary oocyte Barrier to fertilisation
61
Steps of Ovulation (3)
Day 10-14 = follicle becomes graafian follicle Bulges on surface of ovary Ruptures = releasing oocyte into oviduct = ovulation
62
What is the secondary oocyte surrounded by (2)
Zona pellucida | Corona radiata
63
What is a zygote
Fertilised egg
64
What is the "yellow body"
Corpus luteum
65
How long is the menstrual cycle
28 days
66
Menstruation is
the shedding of epithelium of endometrium if egg is not fertilised
67
What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle The days of each
Follicular phase (Days 1-13) Ovulation (day 14) Luteal Phase (days 15-28)
68
What happens during follicular phase (4)
1. FSH causes development of follicles 2. Granulosa cells increase estradiol production 3. One follicle matures to graafian follicle 4. LH surge prior to ovulation due to rapid increase in estradiol
69
What happens during ovulation (3)
1. Estradiol = LH surge 2. LH surge causes wall of graafian follicle to rupture 3. Secondary oocyte is released from ovary into oviduct
70
What happens during luteal phase (4)
1. Transformation of follicle into corpus luteum due to LH 2. CL secretes estradiol and progesterone 3. Negative feedback of FSH and LH secretion 4. Estrogen and progesterone decrease during luteolysis
71
Ovulation is provoked by a surge in
LH
72
Luteolysis occurs when there is
a decrease in LH
73
Follicular maturation is caused by which hormones This results in the synthesis of
FSH and LH Ovarian steroid hormones
74
When is the proliferative phase (5-14) during What happens in this phase
Follicular phase Growth and maturation of endometrium under influence of estradiol from follicle
75
When is the secretory phase (15-28) during What happens in this phase
Luteal phase Increased progesterone and estradiol from CL stimulate endometrial thickening and uterine gland development for implantation
76
What happens during the menstrual phase (1-4) | 4
1. Ovarian hormone secretion decreases 2. Uterine blood vessels constrict = depriving tissue of blood 3. Endometrium undergoes necrosis = menstrual flow 4. Myometrium contracts = causes cramps
77
What are the different phases of the endometrial cycle
``` Menstrual phase (1-4) Proliferative phase (5-14) Secretory phase (15-28) ```
78
Where is mature sperm stored
Epidiymis
79
What is capacitation
Ability to fertilise egg
80
Where does fertilisation occur
In the oviduct Due to short viability and slow transport of egg
81
What is the time window
5 days before - 1 day after
82
What is the Acrosome reaction
Acrosome binding to zona pellucida of egg
83
Stages of early development
1. Zygote completes second meiotic division 2. Second polar body disintegrates 3. Undergoes cleavage 4. Continued mitosis = morula 5. Becomes blastocyte 6. Implantation
84
What is Cleavage
Mitotic cell division into 2 smaller cells
85
What is a morula
8 cells at 50-60 hours after fertilisation
86
What is a blastocyst
Inner cell mass (fetus) + outer chorion (placenta)
87
What is implantation
Occurs on day 21 of menstrual cycle Blastocyst attaches to uterine wall
88
What allows the blastocyst to attach to the wall of the endometrium
Trophoblast cells - sticky
89
What do chorion cells of blastocyst secrete What does it do
Human chorionic gonatropin (hCG) Maintains CL and secretion of estradiol + progesterone by placenta Prevents menstruation
90
What does the placenta secrete to maintain pregnancy
Progesterone and estrogen
91
What separates fetal blood from maternal blood
Chorionic villi
92
Where do umbilical arteries transport blood Where does the blood then go
From fetus into capillaries of chorionic villi Blood then exits capillaries to travel back to the fetus via umbilical vein
93
Where are the umbilical arteries and veins housed
Umbilical cord
94
What is an early indicator of pregnancy
The presence of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine
95
Where is the fetus located
Fluid filled amniotic sac
96
What is Parturition
Childbirth
97
What stimulates uterine contractions
Oxytocin and Prostaglandins
98
What does progesterone do during labor
Keeps smooth muscle inactive
99
What does estrogen do during labor
Stimulates myometrial contractions
100
What does increasing estrogen cause during labor (3)
Smooth muscle cells to form gap junctions Myometrium becomes single unit Increases number of receptors for oxytocin and prostaglandins Cervix is made soft and flexible
101
What does relaxin do
Aids estrogen and prostaglandins relax the cervix
102
What is the sequence that leads to labor (6)
1. FETAL hypothalamus begins to secrete CRH 2. Secretion of CRH by placenta 3. CRH causes FETAL anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH 4. ACTH causes fetal and maternal adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol 5. MOTHER hypothalamus stimualtes posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin 6. Labor contractions
103
What does cortisol do during labor
1. Stimulates surfactant production in FETAL lungs 2. Inhibits placental progesterone 3. Increases prostaglandins in uterine smooth muscle to stimulate contractions
104
What hormones cause the breasts to develop
Estrogens and progesterone
105
What glands produce and secrete milk What is this process known as
Mammary glands Lactogenesis
106
What is the secretory unit in mammary glands
Alveolus
107
What surrounds the breast
Myoepithelial cells and adipose cells
108
What hormone increases after parturition What does it stimulate
Prolactin Mammary glands to produce milk
109
What also causes the secretion of prolactin What other hormone is also secreted because of this cause What is the end result
Sucking Oxytocin Secretion of milk into ducts and ejection of milk from nipple
110
Oxytocin is released from where What does it cause in the breast Prolactin is released from where What does it cause in the breast
Posterior pituitary Milk ejection Anterior pituitary Milk production

Bio 66 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions