chapter 10: Sleep

Question 1

define:

Biological rhythms

Answer 1

regular fluctuations in any living process.

Question 2

Define:

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 2

a pattern of behavioral, biological, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24 hour period

Question 3

list:

Examples of circadian rhythms

Answer 3

• hormone levels
• body temperature
• drug sensitivity

Question 4

Define:

Ultradian rhythms

Answer 4

a rhytmic biological event with a period shorter than 24 hours

Question 5

list:

examples of ultradian rhythms

Answer 5

• blinking
• eating

Question 6

define:

Infradian rhythms

Answer 6

rhythmic biological events with periods longer than a day.

Question 7

list:

examples of Infradian rhythms

Answer 7

• menstural cycle
• animal breeding
• hibernation

Question 8

Answer:

How did researchers find that hamsters (and humans) run on a circadian rhythm?

Answer 8

Hamsters lived in dim light and continued the normal activity cycle just later each day showing a little bit longer than 24 hours when there is external cues.

Question 9

Define:

Phase shift

Answer 9

shift in actiivty of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus, such as light.

Question 10

define:

entrainment

Answer 10

process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus

Question 11

Define:

Zeitgeber

Answer 11

the stimulus that entrains circadian rhythms

typically the light-dark cycle

Question 12

Answer:

What part of the brain (hypothalamus) is responsible for circadian rhythms

Answer 12

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 13

List:

ways researchers found out that the SCN is responsible for the biological clock

Answer 13

• when the SCN cells are put in a pitri dish they continue their circadian rhythm
• when the SCN was transplanted the animal changed its circadian rhythm to that of the SCN

Question 14

Define

melanopsin

Answer 14

photopigment found in those retinal ganglion cells

Question 15

Answer:

What proteins does the SCN make

Answer 15

clock and cycle

Question 16

Answer:

What do clock/cycle do?

Answer 16

they bind to DNA to promote the transcription of Period (per) and chryptochrome (Cry)

Question 17

Answer:

What do per and cry do?

Answer 17

they inhibit the action of Clock and cycle

Question 18

Answer:

how long is the clock/cycle and per/cry cycle?

Answer 18

24 hours

Question 19

Answer:

What part of a humans lifetime leads to a shift in the circadian rhythm of sleep

getting up later

Answer 19

puberty

Question 20

define:

Alpha Rhythm

Answer 20

brain potential 8-12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness

Question 21

define:

vertex spikes

Answer 21

a sharp wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep

Question 22

define:

stage 1 sleep

Answer 22

inital stage of non-REM sleep, which is characterized by small amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate and reduced muscle tension

Question 23

define:

stage 2 sleep

Answer 23

defines by bursts of EEG waves called sleep spindles

Question 24

define:

sleep spindles

Answer 24

12-14 Hz wave in the EEG of a person in stage 2 sleep

Question 25

# define: K complexes

Answer 25

a sharp negative EEG potential seen in stage 2 sleep

Question 26

# define: stage 3 sleep

Answer 26

aka slow wave sleep (SWS) stage of non-REM sleep that is defined by the prescence of large- amplitude, slow delta waves

Question 27

# define: Delta wave

Answer 27

slowest type of EEG wave, about 1 per second, characteristic of stage 3 sleep

Question 28

# describe: REM sleep in terms of the EEG

Answer 28

small amplitde, high frequency activity (similar to awake)

Question 29

# describe: what happens to the body in REM

Answer 29

* eyes move rapidly * muscles show a complete lack of muscle tone (atonia)

Question 30

# Answer: what stage of sleep is more prominent in the beginning of sleep?

Answer 30

stage 3/ SWS

Question 31

# Answer: Which stage of sleep becomes more prominent later in the (night) sleep

Answer 31

REM

Question 32

# Answer: What is the differnce between dreaming in REM and dreaming in Stage 1-3

Answer 32

REM is characterized by visual imagery where as the stages are characterized more by thinking dreams

Question 33

# define: Nightmares

Answer 33

long frigntening dream that awakens sleeper from REM sleep

Question 34

# define: Night terror

Answer 34

sudded arousal from stage 3 SWS marked by intense fear and autonomic activation

Question 35

# Answer: about how much sleep in the first 2 weeks of a human life is spent in REM?

Answer 35

half

Question 36

# Answer: What does the amount of REM sleep infants are in show?

Answer 36

REM may provide the essential stimulation for the nervous system to mature

Question 37

# True or False: 60yro spend double the time in stage 3 sleep as a 20 year old

Answer 37

false they spend half the time

Question 38

# List: outcomes of loss of stage 3/SWS

Answer 38

* diminshed cognitive functioning * loss of growth hormone leads to cognitive deficits

Question 39

# Answer: At what age do people lose Stage 3 sleep (SWS)

Answer 39

90 years old

Question 40

# define: Sleep recovery

Answer 40

process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation

Question 41

# Answer: In the first night of sleep recovery what stage of sleep shows the most difference

Answer 41

increase in SWS | usually at the expense of stage 2

Question 42

# describe fatal familial insomnia

Answer 42

a defect in gene for the prion protein, that leads to them stop sleeping during midlife

Question 43

# List: Biological functions of sleep | 4 points

Answer 43

* energy conservation * Niche adaption * Body and brain restoration * memory consolidation

Question 44

# describe conservation of energy in reference to sleep

Answer 44

use less energy when we sleep * reduced muscular tension * lowered heart rate * reduced body temperature * slower respiration

Question 45

# describe niche adaptation in reference to sleep

Answer 45

species are better at getting food at either day or night