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Biopsychology > Chapter 2: neurophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

define:

Ions

A

electically charged molecules

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2
Q

define:

anions

A

negatively charged ions

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3
Q

define:

Cations

A

positively charged ions

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4
Q

Answer:

what is the majority of ions in a neuron

A

anions

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5
Q

True or False:

The inside of a neuron is more positively charged than the fluid around it

A

false

the neuron is more negatively charged

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6
Q

define:

resting potential

A

electrical difference across the membrane

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7
Q

Answer:

What is the resting potential of a neuron

A

-50 to -80 millivolts (mV)

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8
Q

define:

ion channel

A

tubelike pore that allows ions of a specific type to pass through the membrane.

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9
Q

Define:

selective permeability

A

membrane allows some things to pass through and not others

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10
Q

define:

diffusion

A

tendency for molecules of a substance to spread from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.

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11
Q

define

electrostatic pressure

A

the distribution of electrical charges

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12
Q

Answer:

What are positively charged K+ particles to?

A

the negatively charged interior of the cell

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13
Q

Answer:

Anions are repelled by the cell interior so they tend to do what?

A

exit into the extracellular fluid

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14
Q

Answer:

Where is sodium found

in relation to the cell

A

more outside cell

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15
Q

Answer:

where is chloride (Cl-) found

in relation to the cell

A

more outside cell

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16
Q

Answer:

where is potassium (K+) found

in relation to the cell

A

more inside the cell

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17
Q

Answer:

where are negatively charged protiens (A-) synthesized

A

within the neuron

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18
Q

Answer:

where are negatively chanrged particles (A-) found?

A

within the neuron

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19
Q

Answer:

What particles do Ion channels allow to pass through?

A

K+ (potassium)

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20
Q

Answer:

What particles aren’t passed through ion channels?

A

Na+ (sodium)

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21
Q

List:

factors influencing ion distribution

4 points

A
  • semipermeable membrane
  • sodium-potassium pump
  • Homogenization/ diffusion
  • Electrostatic pressure
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22
Q

Define

phospholipid bilayer

A

head is hydrophillic
tail is hydrophobic

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23
Q

Describe:

Sodium potassium pump

A

Actively forces Na+ out of the neuron and brings in K+

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24
Q

Answer:

  • how many Na+ particles are pumped out in the sodium potassium pump
  • how many K+ particles enter?
A
  • 3
  • 2
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25
Q

Answer:

What is the source of energy for the sodium potassium pump?

A

ATP

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26
Q

Define:

Diffusion

A

process by which molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout a solution

27
Q

Define:

concentration gradient

A

molecules move from areas in which their concentration is high to areas of low concentration

28
Q

Answer:

What is diffusing?

particle to where

A

Na+ in extracellular fluid want to go into intracellular fluid where there aren’t as many Na+ ions

29
Q

define:

Electrostatic pressure

A

the attraction between oppositely charged particles, or the repulsive force of particles of the same charge

30
Q

fill in the blank:

Extracellular fluid is ( ) charged

A

positively

31
Q

define:

Equilibrium potential

A

the electrical charge that exactly balances the concentration gradient

32
Q

define:

Hyperpolarization

A

an increase in membrane potential

33
Q

define:

depolarization

A

decrease in membrane potential

closer to zero

34
Q

define

local potentials

A

electrical potential that is initiated by stimulation at a specific site, graded response that spreads passively across cell membrane decreases in strenght with time and distance

35
Q

define

threshold

A

the stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential in an axon

36
Q

define:

Action potential

A

also called spike. a rapid reversal of the membrane potential that momentarily makes the inside of a neuron positive with respect to the outside

37
Q

define:

all-or-none property

A

the condition that the sixe if the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus

38
Q

define:

afterpotenials

A

the positive or negative change in membrane potential that may follow an action potential

39
Q

define:

absolute refactory phase

A

brief period of complete insensitivity to stimuli

40
Q

define:

relative refactory phase

A

period of reduced sensitivity during which only one strong stimulation produces an action potential

41
Q

define:

conduction velocity

A

speed at which an action potential is propagated along the lenght of an axon

42
Q

define:

Saltatory conduction

A

action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to the next

43
Q

define:

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

depolarizing potential in aneuron that is normally caused by synaptic excitation. increase the probablity that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potential

44
Q

define:

inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)

A

hyperpolarizing potential in a neuron. decrease the probablity that the post synaptic neiron will fire an action potential

45
Q

define:

spatial summation

A

summation of post-synaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock; if the summation reaches threshold action potential is triggered

46
Q

define:

Temporal summation

A

summation of postsynaptic potential tha reach the axon hillock at different times. closer in time the potentials occur the greater the summation

47
Q

answer

what is the potential of a neuron in the state of equilibrium

A

approximately 65 millivolts

48
Q

define:

Ligand

A

any substance that binds to a receptor

49
Q

Define

agonist

A

substance that mimics or boosts the action of a transmitter or other signaling molecule

50
Q

define

antagonist

A

decreases or interferes with transmitter action

51
Q

define:

degradation

A

chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive metabolites

52
Q

define:

Reuptake

A

reabsorbtion of molecules of neurotransmitter by the neurons that released them.

53
Q

list:

characteristics of ionotropic receptors

A
  • ligand activated ion channels
  • fast
  • only let ions in
54
Q

list

characteristics of metabotropic

7 points

A
  • signal proteins and G proteins
  • slower
  • long-lasting change
  • more diffuse
  • more varied
  • 2 mechanisms
  • can let ions in and affect neurons
55
Q

list:

crieria for neurotransmitters

5 points

A
  • synthesized and stored in axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron
  • it is released when action potentials reach axon terminals
  • recognized by receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
  • causes changes in a postsynaptic cell
  • blocking its release interferes with a presynaptic cells ability to affect the post synaptic cell
56
Q

List:

main classes of neurotransmitters

3 points

A
  • amino acid neurotransmitters
  • monoamine neurotransmitters
  • acetylcholine
57
Q

list:

type of excitatory amino acids

2 points

A
  • Glutamate
  • aspertate
58
Q

list

inhibitory amino acids

2 points

A
  • GABA
  • Glycine
59
Q

list:

types of Monoamine Neurotransmitters

2 points

A
  • catecholamines
  • indolamine
60
Q

list

catecholamines

3 points

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • epinephrine
  • dopamine
61
Q

list:

indolamine

1 point

A

serotonin

62
Q

Answer:

what is the most prevelent excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

63
Q

list

ionotropic glutamate receptors

3 points

A
  • NMDA
  • AMPA
  • KAR
64
Q

List:

Characteristics of PCP

2 points

what kind of drug? side effect?

A
  • antagonist
  • Hallucinations

Biopsychology (10 decks)

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