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Biopsychology > Chapter 2: neurophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: neurophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

define:

Ions

A

electically charged molecules

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2
Q

define:

anions

A

negatively charged ions

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3
Q

define:

Cations

A

positively charged ions

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4
Q

Answer:

what is the majority of ions in a neuron

A

anions

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5
Q

True or False:

The inside of a neuron is more positively charged than the fluid around it

A

false

the neuron is more negatively charged

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6
Q

define:

resting potential

A

electrical difference across the membrane

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7
Q

Answer:

What is the resting potential of a neuron

A

-50 to -80 millivolts (mV)

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8
Q

define:

ion channel

A

tubelike pore that allows ions of a specific type to pass through the membrane.

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9
Q

Define:

selective permeability

A

membrane allows some things to pass through and not others

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10
Q

define:

diffusion

A

tendency for molecules of a substance to spread from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.

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11
Q

define

electrostatic pressure

A

the distribution of electrical charges

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12
Q

Answer:

What are positively charged K+ particles to?

A

the negatively charged interior of the cell

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13
Q

Answer:

Anions are repelled by the cell interior so they tend to do what?

A

exit into the extracellular fluid

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14
Q

Answer:

Where is sodium found

in relation to the cell

A

more outside cell

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15
Q

Answer:

where is chloride (Cl-) found

in relation to the cell

A

more outside cell

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16
Q

Answer:

where is potassium (K+) found

in relation to the cell

A

more inside the cell

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17
Q

Answer:

where are negatively charged protiens (A-) synthesized

A

within the neuron

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18
Q

Answer:

where are negatively chanrged particles (A-) found?

A

within the neuron

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19
Q

Answer:

What particles do Ion channels allow to pass through?

A

K+ (potassium)

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20
Q

Answer:

What particles aren’t passed through ion channels?

A

Na+ (sodium)

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21
Q

List:

factors influencing ion distribution

4 points

A
  • semipermeable membrane
  • sodium-potassium pump
  • Homogenization/ diffusion
  • Electrostatic pressure
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22
Q

Define

phospholipid bilayer

A

head is hydrophillic
tail is hydrophobic

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23
Q

Describe:

Sodium potassium pump

A

Actively forces Na+ out of the neuron and brings in K+

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24
Q

Answer:

  • how many Na+ particles are pumped out in the sodium potassium pump
  • how many K+ particles enter?
A
  • 3
  • 2
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25
# Answer: What is the source of energy for the sodium potassium pump?
ATP
26
# Define: Diffusion
process by which molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout a solution
27
# Define: concentration gradient
molecules move from areas in which their concentration is high to areas of low concentration
28
# Answer: What is diffusing? | particle to where
Na+ in *extracellular fluid* want to go into *intracellular fluid* where there aren't as many Na+ ions
29
# define: Electrostatic pressure
the attraction between oppositely charged particles, or the repulsive force of particles of the same charge
30
# fill in the blank: Extracellular fluid is ( ) charged
positively
31
# define: Equilibrium potential
the electrical charge that exactly balances the concentration gradient
32
# define: Hyperpolarization
an increase in membrane potential
33
# define: depolarization
decrease in membrane potential | closer to zero
34
# define local potentials
electrical potential that is initiated by stimulation at a specific site, graded response that spreads passively across cell membrane decreases in strenght with time and distance
35
# define threshold
the stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential in an axon
36
# define: Action potential
also called spike. a rapid reversal of the membrane potential that momentarily makes the inside of a neuron positive with respect to the outside
37
# define: all-or-none property
the condition that the sixe if the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus
38
# define: afterpotenials
the positive or negative change in membrane potential that may follow an action potential
39
# define: absolute refactory phase
brief period of complete insensitivity to stimuli
40
# define: relative refactory phase
period of reduced sensitivity during which only one strong stimulation produces an action potential
41
# define: conduction velocity
speed at which an action potential is propagated along the lenght of an axon
42
# define: Saltatory conduction
action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to the next
43
# define: Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
depolarizing potential in aneuron that is normally caused by synaptic excitation. increase the probablity that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potential
44
# define: inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)
hyperpolarizing potential in a neuron. decrease the probablity that the post synaptic neiron will fire an action potential
45
# define: spatial summation
summation of post-synaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock; if the summation reaches threshold action potential is triggered
46
# define: Temporal summation
summation of postsynaptic potential tha reach the axon hillock at different times. closer in time the potentials occur the greater the summation
47
# answer what is the potential of a neuron in the state of equilibrium
approximately 65 millivolts
48
# define: Ligand
any substance that binds to a receptor
49
# Define agonist
substance that mimics or boosts the action of a transmitter or other signaling molecule
50
# define antagonist
decreases or interferes with transmitter action
51
# define: degradation
chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive metabolites
52
# define: Reuptake
reabsorbtion of molecules of neurotransmitter by the neurons that released them.
53
# list: characteristics of ionotropic receptors
* ligand activated ion channels * fast * only let ions in
54
# list characteristics of metabotropic | 7 points
* signal proteins and G proteins * slower * long-lasting change * more diffuse * more varied * 2 mechanisms * can let ions in and affect neurons
55
# list: crieria for neurotransmitters | 5 points
* synthesized and stored in axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron * it is released when action potentials reach axon terminals * recognized by receptors on the postsynaptic membrane * causes changes in a postsynaptic cell * blocking its release interferes with a presynaptic cells ability to affect the post synaptic cell
56
# List: main classes of neurotransmitters | 3 points
* amino acid neurotransmitters * monoamine neurotransmitters * acetylcholine
57
# list: type of excitatory amino acids | 2 points
* Glutamate * aspertate
58
# list inhibitory amino acids | 2 points
* GABA * Glycine
59
# list: types of Monoamine Neurotransmitters | 2 points
* catecholamines * indolamine
60
# list catecholamines | 3 points
* Norepinephrine * epinephrine * dopamine
61
# list: indolamine | 1 point
serotonin
62
# Answer: what is the most prevelent excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
63
# list ionotropic glutamate receptors | 3 points
* NMDA * AMPA * KAR
64
# List: Characteristics of PCP | 2 points ## Footnote what kind of drug? side effect?
* antagonist * Hallucinations

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