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Biopsychology > chapter 13: learning and memory > Flashcards

chapter 13: learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

Learning

A

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study, or experience.

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2
Q

Define:

memory

A
  1. The ability to learn and neurally encode information, consolidate the information for longer-term storage, and retrieve or reactivate the consolidated information at a later time. 2. The specific information that is stored in the brain.
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3
Q

define:

Amnesia

A

Severe impairment of memory.

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4
Q

Define:

retrograde amnesia

A

Difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia.

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5
Q

define:

Patient H.M

A

The late Henry Molaison, a man who was unable to encode new declarative memories because of surgical removal of medial temporal lobe structures.

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6
Q

define:

anterograde amnesia

A

Difficulty in forming new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder.

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7
Q

Answer:

What structures of the brain did H.M have removed?

3 points

A
  • amygdala
  • most of the hippocampus
  • surrounding cortex from both temporal lobes
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8
Q

define:

Hippocampus

A

A medial temporal lobe structure that is important for spatial cognition, learning, and memory

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9
Q

Define:

Declarative memory

A

A memory that can be stated or described

“what” questions

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10
Q

define:

nondeclarative memory

A

Also called procedural memory. A memory that is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection.

“how” questions

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11
Q

Answer:

what part(s) of the brain are important for declarative memory?

A
  • hippocampus
  • entorhinal
  • parahippocampal
  • perirhinal cortices
  • (medial temporal lobe)
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12
Q

define:

Patient N.A

A

man who is unable to encode new declarative memories, because of damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and the mammillary bodies

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13
Q

define:

dorsomedial thalamus

A

A limbic system structure that is connected to the hippocampus

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14
Q

define:

mamillary bodies

A

One of a pair of limbic system structures that are connected to the hippocampus

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15
Q

define:

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

A memory disorder, caused by thiamine deficiency, that is generally associated with chronic alcoholism

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16
Q

define:

Confabulate

A

To fill in a gap in memory with a falsification

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17
Q

Define:

Patient K.C

A

The late Kent Cochrane, who sustained damage to the cortex that rendered him unable to form and retrieve episodic memories

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18
Q

define:

episodic memory

A

Also called autobiographical memory. Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place.

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19
Q

define:

semantic memory

A

Generalized declarative memory, such as knowing the meaning of a word.

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20
Q

Define:

Damage to the left frontoparietal and right parietao-occipital cerebral cortex causes what?

A

the loss of ability to form new episodic memories

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21
Q

List:

types of declarative memory

2 points

A
  • episodic
  • semantic
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22
Q

define:

Skill learning

A

The process of learning to perform a challenging task simply by repeating it over and over.

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23
Q

define:

Basal ganglia

A

A group of forebrain nuclei, including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. They are crucial for skill learning

24
Q

define:

Priming

A

Also called repetition priming. The phenomenon by which exposure to a stimulus facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar stimulus.

25
Q

Answer:

priming appears to be a function of what?

A

the cortex

26
Q

define:

associative learning

A

A type of learning in which an association is formed between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response. It includes both classical and instrumental conditioning

27
Q

answer

what part of the brain is responsible for simple eye-blink conditioning

A

cerebellum

28
Q

T or F

the hippocampus is important for spatial learning

A

true

29
Q

define

place cells

A

A neuron in the hippocampus that selectively fires when the animal is in a particular location.

30
Q

define

sensory memory

A

A very brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene. In vision, it is sometimes called iconic memory

31
Q

define:

short term memories

A

A form of memory that usually lasts only seconds, or as long as rehearsal continues. Working memory can be considered a portion of STM where information can be manipulated.

32
Q

define

long-term memories

A

An enduring form of memory that lasts days, weeks, months, or years. LTM has a very large capacity.

33
Q

list (in order)

processes of memory

3 points

A
  • encoding
  • consolidation
  • retrevial
34
Q

define:

encoding

A

The first process in the memory system, in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory

35
Q

define

consolidation

A

The second process in the memory system, in which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory.

36
Q

define

retrieval

A

The third process of the memory system, in which a stored memory is used by an organism.

37
Q

T or F

the hippocampus is important in consolidating declarative stm to ltm

A

true

38
Q

define:

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment.

39
Q

define:

Habituation

A

A form of nonassociative learning in which an organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentations of a stimulus.

40
Q

t or f

training can lead to the reorganization of synaptic connections

A

true

41
Q

t or f

research shows that the destruction of the hippocampus severly impacts the conditoned eye-blink response in rabbits

A

false

42
Q

define:

Hebbian synapses

A

A synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell.

43
Q

define:

long-term potentiation

A

A stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses following repeated strong stimulation.

44
Q

list:

parts of the hippocampal formation

A
  • hippocampus
  • dentate gyrus
45
Q

Answer:

Andy is a chronic alcoholic. His wife takes him to a doctor when he starts forgetting conversations and invents information to fill the gaps in memory. The doctor conducts several tests and brain scans, which reveal a thiamine deficiency and damage to mammillary bodies and the dorsomedial thalamus. Which of the following diagnoses is the doctor most likely to make?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

46
Q

answer:

what finding support the idea that long term potentiation is a kind of synaptic plasticity that underlies or is every similar to certain forms of learning and memory?

A
  • several successful examples of behavioal LTP have been reportrd in which training an animal in a memory task induces LTP somewhere in the brain.
47
Q

Answer:

scientists have studied the sea slug Aplysia to understanf the concept of habituation. Based on these studies, which of the following causes short-term habituation in Aplysia

A

it results because the sensory neurons release less transmitter

48
Q

answer:

To determine the brain structures that are essential for declarative memories, researchers selectively removed different portions of the temporal lobe from both sides of the brain of monkeys and tested for declarative memories using the delayed non-matching-to-sample task. Which of the following did the researchers find?

A

Lesions of the hippocampus paired with nearby cortex profoundly impaired the formation of new declarative memories.

49
Q

answer:

How did Henry Molaison’s case provide clear evidence that short-term memory differs from long-term memory?

A

Henry could repeat a series of six or seven digits immediately after hearing them without error, but he could not repeat a list of words when tested on them after being distracted by another task.

50
Q

Which of the following supports the fact that Henry Molaison’s memory deficit was in declarative memory and not in nondeclarative memory?

A

Henry excelled in tests that required him to respond to the unfamiliar object in a pair of objects. - no response given

Henry’s performance in the mirror-tracing task, which is a test of motor skill, progressively improved over successive days.

51
Q

Jules, a pianist, had an accident that damaged the hippocampus and the surrounding cortex in the brain. After surgery, Jules was able to recall implicit information such as how to play the piano and was able to learn new skills such as reading mirror-reversed text. However, Jules was unable to retain new information for more than a few minutes. Which of the following types of memory was most likely affected by Jules’s accident

A

declarative

52
Q

Which of the following could be a strategy to prevent the formation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A

Blocking the effects of epinephrine in the amygdala by treating victims with antiadrenergic drugs either shortly before a traumatic experience or as quickly as possible after it

53
Q

In which of the following cases is habituation considered genuine?

A

When the decreased response to a stimulus is not due to an inability of the motor system to respond to the stimulus

When the decreased response to a stimulus is not due to failure of the sensory system to detect the stimulus

54
Q

Why does the possibility of planting false memories cloud the issue of “recovered memories” of childhood sexual or physical abuse?

A

Because the process of retrieving information from long-term memory causes the memories to become temporarily unstable and susceptible to disruption before undergoing reconsolidation and returning to stable status
Because the process of retrieving information from long-term memory causes the memories to become temporarily unstable and susceptible to disruption before undergoing reconsolidation and returning to stable status - correct

Because false memories can be created by asking leading questions to have people retrieve memories

Because controversial therapeutic methods such as hypnosis, in which a person is encouraged to imagine hypothetical abuse scenarios, can inadvertently plant false memories

55
Q

A professor is teaching the class about amnesia. If a student asks about the causes of amnesia in cases such as Patient H.M. and Patient N.A., which of the following responses is the professor most likely to give?

A

Damage to the hippocampus and the surrounding cortex is likely to cause an inability to form new declarative memories.

Damage to several limbic system structures in the medial diencephalon that have connections to the hippocampus is likely to cause anterograde amnesia

Biopsychology (10 decks)

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