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Biopsychology > chapter 12: psychopathology > Flashcards

chapter 12: psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

define:

delusions

A

a false belief that is strongly held in spite of contrary evidence

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2
Q

define:

Schizophrenia

A

characteried by negative, positive and cognitive symptoms

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3
Q

define:

positive symptoms (SCZ)

A

abnormal behvaior that has been gained

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4
Q

list:

examples of positive symptoms (SCZ)

3 points

A
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • excited motor behavior
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5
Q

define:

Negative symptoms (SCZ)

A

abnomralites resulting from a loss of normal functions

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6
Q

list

example of negative symptoms (SCZ)

3 points

A
  • slow impoverished speech/thought
  • social/emotinal withdrawal
  • blunted affect
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7
Q

define:

concordance

A

sharing of a characteristic by both individuals of a pair of twins

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8
Q

Answer:

What part of the brain thins in people with SCZ

A

cortical grey matter, a result of synapse rearrangement/

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9
Q

Fill in the blank:

most people with SCZ have enlarged ____ ventricles, especially the ____ ventricles

A

cerebral, lateral

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10
Q

Define:

hypofrontality hypothesis

A

SCZ may refect underactivation of the frontal lobe

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11
Q

define

lobotomy

A

sergical seperation of a portion of the frontal lobe

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12
Q

Answser:

What drug was discovered int ehe arly 1950’s that replaced the lobotomy?

A

Chlorpromaine (Thorazine)

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13
Q

Answer:

What is the importance of Chlorpromazine?

A

it revolutionized psychiatry. it reduced the positive symptoms of SCZ allowing people to finally leave the confinment of hospitals

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14
Q

define:

dyskinesia

A

difficulty or disotortion in voluntary movement due to use of antipsychotics

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15
Q

define:

tardive dyskinesia

A

disorder associated with first-generation antipsychotic use and characterized by involuntary movements, especially of the face and mouth

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16
Q

define:

supersensitivity psychosis

A

An exaggerated “rebound” psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced, probably as a consequence of the up-regulation of receptors that occurred during drug treatment.

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17
Q

define

dopamine hypothesis

A

The idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine.

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18
Q

list:

problems with the dopamine hypothesis

A
  • no correspondance between the speed the drug blocks dopamine receptors and the speed the symptoms atert to diminish
  • other drugs (Clozapine) blocks serotonin recpetors are just as effective
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19
Q

define:

glutamate hypothesis

A

The idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors.

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20
Q

answer:

Which of the following is a severe disorder that is characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and flat affect, by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and by cognitive symptoms such as poor attention span?

A

schizophrenia

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21
Q

True or False

Children fathered by older men have a lower risk of developing schizophrenia than do children fathered by younger men.

A

false

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22
Q

True or False

People living in a large city are twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as people living in the countryside

A

True

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23
Q

True or False

The volume of the cerebral ventricles, relative to overall brain size, is smaller in people with schizophrenia than in controls.

A

False

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24
Q

define

depression

A

A psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating.A psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods.

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25
Q

Answer:

in depressed people activation in the — is especially evident during emotional processing

A

amygdala

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26
Q

Fill in the blank

in people with depression increased activity in the — is evident during more cognatively demanding tasks

A

frontal lobes

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27
Q

Fill int he blank

patientet with depression have decreased activity in the — and — — cortex and ___ ___ ___

A

parietal and posterior temporal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex

systems implicated in attention

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28
Q

Answer:

what structure of the brain’s volume of what is reduced in people with depression

A

hippocampus

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29
Q

define:

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

A last-resort treatment for unmanageable depression, in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure

30
Q

define:

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

A noninvasive treatment in which repeated pulses of focused magnetic energy are used to stimulate the cortex through the scalp.

31
Q

define

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

An enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters, thereby inactivating them.

32
Q

define:

selective serotonin reuptkae inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

A drug, used to treat depression and anxiety, that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.

33
Q

define:

Cognitive behvaioral therapy (CBT)

A

Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings.

34
Q

define

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain.

35
Q

define

bipolar disorder

A

A psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods.

36
Q

True or False

In the context of bipolar disorder, the more manic episodes a person has experienced, the greater the ventricular enlargement.

A

True

37
Q

True or False

Families in which some individuals have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder are more likely than other families to have individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

A

true

38
Q

List

characteristics are common during the manic episodes of bipolar disorder?

4 points

A
  • increased energy
  • strange gradiosity
  • talkativeness
  • sustained overactivity
39
Q

True or False

The concordance rate of depression for identical twins who are raised together is substantially higher than the rate for identical twins who are reared apart.

A

False

40
Q

True or False

Descendants of people with severe depression have a thinner cortex across large swaths of the right hemisphere than do control participants.

A

True

41
Q

True or False

The rate of relapse is lower for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) than for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment.

A

True

42
Q

True or False

Bipolar disorder is more common among women than men.

A

False

43
Q

True or False

The age of onset of bipolar disorder is usually much later than that of depression.

A

False

44
Q

Define:

Phobic disorders

A

intense, irrational fear centered on a specific object

45
Q

define:

Panic disorder

A

reccurent tansient attacts of intense fearfulness

46
Q

define:

generalized anxiety disorder

A

persistent, excessive anxiety and worry experienced for months

47
Q

fill in the blank

some peope who experience reccurent panic attacks have — — abnormalities

A

temporal lobe

48
Q

define

Benzodiazepines

A

Any of a class of antianxiety drugs that are noncompetitive agonists of GABAA receptors in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Valium).

49
Q

define:

anxiolytics

A

A substance that is used to reduce anxiety. Examples include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines.

50
Q

define

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

A disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the person

51
Q

Answer:

what brain structure is affected in PTSD

A

the volume of the right hippocampus is smaller

52
Q

define

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

An anxiety disorder in which the affected individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the ability to stop.

53
Q

Answer

what brain structures are involved in OCD

A

increased metabolic rates in orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and caudate nuclei

54
Q

Answer

what is a disorder involving heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli that may be accompanied by verbal or physical tics?

A

tourettes syndrome

55
Q

True of False

Tourette’s syndrome is 3—4 times more common in females than in males.

A

false

other way around

56
Q

list

examples of benzodiazepines

2 points

A
  • valium
  • xanax
57
Q

Answer:

A researcher is conducting a sleep study to examine whether depression changes the sleep patterns of people. If the researcher monitors the EEG of a depressed person and then compares it with the EEG of a person who is not depressed, which of the following differences is the researcher most likely to observe? (Select all that apply.)

AThe EEG of the depressed person will show patterns typical of REM sleep much sooner after sleep onset than is typically the case.
B The sleep of the depressed person will be marked by an increase in stage 1 sleep and stage 2 sleep.
C The sleep of the depressed person will be marked by an increase in stage 3 sleep.
D The EEG of the depressed person will be marked by a striking reduction in slow wave sleep.

A

AThe EEG of the depressed person will show patterns typical of REM sleep much sooner after sleep onset than is typically the case.
B The sleep of the depressed person will be marked by an increase in stage 1 sleep and stage 2 sleep.
D The EEG of the depressed person will be marked by a striking reduction in slow wave sleep.

58
Q

Answer

A psychiatrist who treats depressed people is likely to look out for which of the following signs to recognize people at risk for suicide?

A Feeling rage or uncontrolled anger or seeking revenge
B Seeing no reason for living or having no sense of purpose in life
C Experiencing dramatic mood changes
DWithdrawing from friends, family, and society

A
59
Q

Answer

Jules has persistent mood swings that alternate between periods of depression and periods of mania that are marked by overactivity, talkativeness, and increased energy. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make?

A Tourette’s syndrome
B Tardive dyskinesia
C Bipolar disorder
D Panic disorder

A

C Bipolar disorder

60
Q

Answer:

Which of the following observations prompted researchers to propose a glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.

A Ketamine prevents the endogenous ligand from having its usual effects.
B Ketamine acts as an agonist of NMDA receptors and increases the activity of glutamate in the brain.
C Treating monkeys with phencyclidine for 2 weeks produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome, including poor performance on a test that is sensitive to prefrontal damage.
D Phencyclidine, an anesthetic agent, blocks the NMDA receptor’s central calcium channel, thereby preventing glutamate from having its usual effects.

A

A Ketamine prevents the endogenous ligand from having its usual effects.
C Treating monkeys with phencyclidine for 2 weeks produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome, including poor performance on a test that is sensitive to prefrontal damage.
D Phencyclidine, an anesthetic agent, blocks the NMDA receptor’s central calcium channel, thereby preventing glutamate from having its usual effects.

61
Q

Answer

Which of the following are true statements that support the fact that schizophrenia has a heritable component? (Select all that apply.)

AA few genes have been identified that appear to be abnormal in a small proportion of schizophrenia cases, including genes that are known to participate in synaptic plasticity.
B First cousins of people with schizophrenia have a higher risk of becoming schizophrenic than do grandchildren.
C The concordance rate of schizophrenia for fraternal twins is substantially higher than that for identical twins.
D The biological parents of adoptees with schizophrenia are far more likely to have had this disorder than are the adopting parents.

A

AA few genes have been identified that appear to be abnormal in a small proportion of schizophrenia cases, including genes that are known to participate in synaptic plasticity.
D The biological parents of adoptees with schizophrenia are far more likely to have had this disorder than are the adopting parents.

62
Q

Answer

Sam is consumed by thoughts of germs and toxins and, as a result, spends several hours each day on uncontrollable actions such as repetitive hand washing and disinfecting the surroundings. Sam realizes that this behavior is abnormal but is unable to control the persistent thoughts about germs and to stop the repetitive actions. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make?

A

OCD

63
Q

Answer:

A person has recently started experiencing memory problems, difficulty in making facial expressions, and trouble with emotional expression. The person has also started hearing imaginary voices and having delusions. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make?

A

Schizophrenia

64
Q

Answer:

Which of the following is a true statement that provides support for the hypofrontality hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A Brain scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic people, people with schizophrenia lose gray matter over wide regions at a slower rate.
B PET scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic controls, people with schizophrenia had reduced metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other regions of the brain.
C Researchers found that, compared with nonschizophrenic controls, people with schizophrenia tend to perform better on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to frontal cortical lesions.
D Brain scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic people, people with schizophrenia have shrunken lateral ventricles.

A

B PET scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic controls, people with schizophrenia had reduced metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other regions of the brain.

65
Q

Answer:

If the effect of lithium on people with bipolar disorder is positive, why do some people stop taking the medication

A Because the manic phases that are blocked by lithium are very exhilarating, and people may want to continue experiencing them
B Because lithium must be taken with urea to produce a calming effect on people, and urea has many negative effects
CBecause lithium has been reported to decrease the volume of gray matter in the brain
DBecause even though lithium relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder, it increases delusions in people with bipolar disorder

A

A Because the manic phases that are blocked by lithium are very exhilarating, and people may want to continue experiencing them

66
Q

Answer:

A person with schizophrenia who has been taking an antipsychotic drug for over a year starts developing maladaptive motor symptoms. The person starts making involuntary facial movements such as grimacing and incessant rolling movements of the tongue. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make?

A

Tardive Dyskinesia

67
Q

Answer:

A doctor prescribes antipsychotic drugs to a person with schizophrenia. If a family member of the person asks the doctor about the long-term effects of the drugs, which of the following responses is the doctor most likely to give? (Select all that apply.)

A A lowering of the dosage of some drugs can lead to supersensitivity psychosis.
B Discontinuation of some drugs can result in a sudden, marked increase in positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions or hallucinations.
C Some antipsychotic drugs can lead to the development of permanent maladaptive motor behaviors such as involuntary facial movements.
D Some antipsychotic drugs can lead to the development of maladaptive motor symptoms called dyskinesia.

A

all of the above

68
Q

Answer:

Which of the following differences is a doctor likely to observe between the PET scan or fMRI of the brain of a depressed person and the PET scan or fMRI of a person who is not depressed? (Select all that apply.)

AThe doctor is likely to observe increased activity in the frontal lobes of the depressed person during cognitively demanding tasks.
BThe doctor is likely to observe decreased activity in the parietal and posterior temporal cortex of the depressed person.
C The doctor is likely to observe increased activation in the amygdala of the depressed person during emotional processing.
D The doctor is likely to observe decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex of the depressed person.

A

All of the above

69
Q

Answer:

How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac help treat both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression?

A Functional brain imaging suggests that the same SSRI drugs modify the activity of the orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex in people with OCD while affecting primarily ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in people with depression.
B Functional brain imaging suggests that the same SSRI drugs alter the activity of the primarily ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in people with OCD while affecting primarily cingulate cortex in people with depression.
CSSRI drugs decrease the synaptic availability of serotonin, thereby improving serotonergic neurotransmission in people with OCD and depression.
D SSRI drugs help increase the metabolic rates in the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and caudate nuclei of people with OCD and depression.

A

A Functional brain imaging suggests that the same SSRI drugs modify the activity of the orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex in people with OCD while affecting primarily ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in people with depression.

70
Q

Answer:

Cade (1949) performed an experiment to examine whether injecting urea into guinea pigs will make them manic. Which of the following was the result of the experiment?

A The control injections of lithium alone produced an excitatory effect on the control group of guinea pigs.
B The control injections of urea alone were effective for calming the control group of guinea pigs.
C The lithium urate solution injected into guinea pigs made them manic.
D The lithium urate solution injected into guinea pigs calmed them instead of making them manic.

A

D The lithium urate solution injected into guinea pigs calmed them instead of making them manic.

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