Chapter 3: the chemistry of behavior Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
define:
Ligand
A
substance that binds to a receptor
2
Q
define:
Agonist
A
increases or mimics transmitter action
3
Q
define
antagonist
A
decreases or interferes with transmitter action
4
Q
list:
characterisitcs of ionotropic
2 points
A
- ligand- activated ion channels
- fast
5
Q
list:
characteristics of metabotropic receptor
6 points
A
- signal proteins and G proteins
- slower
- longer-lasting
- more diffuse
- more varied
- two mechanisms
6
Q
list:
criteria for neurotransmitter classification
5 points
A
- it is synthesized and stored in axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron
- it is released when action potentials reach axon terminals
- recognized by receptors on the post synaptic membrane
- it causes changes in a post synaptic membrane
- it causes changes in a postsynaptic cell
- blocking its release interferes with a presynaptic cell’s ability to affect a postsynaptic cell
7
Q
list:
main neurotransmitter classes
A
- amino acid neurotransmitters
- monoamine neurotransmitters
- acetylcholine
8
Q
list:
examples of amino acid neurotransmitters
A
- glutamate
- GABA
9
Q
list:
types of monoamine neurotransmitters
2 points
A
- Catecholamines
- indolamine
10
Q
list:
Examples of catecholamines
3 points
A
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
- dopamine
11
Q
list
example of indolamine
A
serotonin
12
Q
list:
examples of neuropeptides
4 points
A
- oxytocin
- vasopressin
- opiod peptides
13
Q
list:
examples of gases nitrous oxide
A
- nitric oxide
- carbon monoxide
14
Q
list:
excitatory amino acids
2 points
A
- glutamate
- aspartate
15
Q
list:
inhibatory amino acids
A
- GABA
- glycine
16
Q
answer:
what is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter
A
Glutamate
17
Q
list:
ionotropic glutamate receptors
A
- NMDA
- AMPA
- KAR
18
Q
Answer:
what is the metabotropic glutamate receptor
A
mGLuR
19
Q
list:
characteristics of PCP (NMDA)
A
- Antagonist
- hallucinations
20
Q
Answer:
what is termination of signal
A
reabsorption (reuptake) into surrounding glial cells
21
Q
answer:
What is the most prevelant inhibitory neurotransmitter
A
GABA
gamma-amniobutyic acid
22
Q
Answer:
where is GABA found
A
spinal motor neurons and CNS
23
Q
Answer:
what does the ionotropic receptor open?
What happens?
A
- open Cl- channel
- cl- comes in
24
Q
List:
Example of ionotropic receptors (GABA a)
3 points
A
- benzodiazapines
- alcohol
- GHB
25
# Answer:
what does the metabotropic receptor open?
What happens?
* opens the K+ channel
* K+ goes out
26
# List:
synthesis of Glutamate and GABA
* glutamine
* glutamate
* GABA
27
# define
termination of signal
reabsorbtion into surrounding glial cells
28
# Answer:
what are catecholamines synthesized from
tyrosine
29
# Answer:
what is indolamine synthesized from
tryptophan
30
# list
synthesis of catecholamine
* tyrosine
* DOPA
* dopamine
* norepinephrine
* Epinephrine
31
# Answer:
why is the mesostriatal pathway important?
motor control
32
# Answer:
where does the mesotriatal pathway originate from
substantia nigra
33
# Answer:
where does the mesolimbocortical pathways originate?
Ventral tegmental area
34
# Answer:
why is the ventral tegmental area important
important for learning shaped by posititve reinforcement
35
# List:
metabotropic receptors (dopamine) families
* D1- like: includes D1, D5
* D2-like: includes D2 D3 D4
36
# answer:
what is the reuptake of dopamine
dopamine transporter (DAT)
37
# Answer:
Enzymatic degradation of dopamine
COMT MAO
38
# Answer:
what is dopamine involved in
* reinforcement
* learning
* movement
* attention
39
# List:
agonists (dopamine)
* cocaine
* methylphenidate (ritalin)
40
# Answer:
what is norepinephrine important for
control of many behaviors ranging from alertness to mood to sexual behavior
41
# Answer:
where are noradrenergic neurons are found where?
| 2 places
* locus coeruleus
* lateral tagmental area
42
# Answer:
where is norepinephrine found
* CNS
* sympathetic PNS
43
# Answer:
what is norepinephrine used for?
effect in arousal and reward systems
44
# Answer:
what is affected in mood disprders and depression
depression
45
# Answer:
reuptake of norepinephrine
Norepinephrine transporter (NET)
46
# answer:
enzymatic degradation for norepinephrine
COMT and MAO
47
# list:
charcteristics of Epinephrine
| 4 points
* adrenal medulla
* minor role as neurotransmitter
* important hormone
* also acts at adrenergic receptors
48
# Answer:
why is serotonin important
* mood
* vision
* anxiety
* sexual behavior
* sleep
49
# Answer:
where are serotonergic neurons located
* midline of midbrain
* brainstem
* raphe nuclei
50
# List:
agonists (serotonin)
* LSD
* fluoxetine (Prozac)
51
# Answer:
What does acetylcholine do?
major role in transmission in the forebrain
learning and memory
52
# Answer:
where is acetylcholine located
basal forebrain
53
# list:
two types of receptors (acetylcholine)
* nicotinic - ionotropic
* muscarinic- metabotropic
54
# Answer:
Agonist in central nervous system (acetylcholine)
nicotine
55
# Answer:
example of agonist in PNS (Acetylcholine)
black widow venom
56
# List:
two receptors in endocannabinoids
CB1 (CNS)
CB2 (immune system)
57
# Answer:
example of agonist (endocannabinoids)
THC
58
# Answer:
example of antagonist in receptor in the CNS
caffeine
59
# List:
how neuropeptides differ from neurotransmitters
| 4 points
* no reuptake for peptides
* sight of synthesis
* vesicles storage
* exocytosis
60
# List:
three major subtypes of endogenous opiods
* endorphins- act at Mu receptor
* Enkephalins - acts at delta receptor
* Dynorphin - acts at kappa receptor
61
# define
substance P
involved in pain perception
62
# define:
neuropeptide Y
involved in eating
63
# list:
how souluable gases differ from other transmitters
| 3 points
* it is produed outside axon terminals (mainy in dendrites) and diffuses out of the neuron as soon as it is produced
* no receptors are involved: diffuses into target cell and activates second messengers
* it can function as a retrograde transmitter by diffusing from the post synaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron
64
# list:
classes of drugs
| 4 points
* antipsychotics
* antidepressants
* anxiolytics
* analgesics
65
# define:
antipsychotics
schizophrenis
66
# define
antidepressants
affetive disorders (MDD)
67
# define:
Anxiolytics
anxiety disorders
68
# define
Analgesics
for physical pain
69
# list
antidepressants
* tricyclic antidepressants
* SSRI
* SNRI
70
# list
anxiolytics
* depressants
* barbituates
* benzodiazepines
71
# list:
psychomotor stimulants
| 6 points
* caffeine
* nicotine
* methamphetamine
* cocaine
* methylphenidate
* D-Amphetamine
72
# Answer:
What does it mean that alcohol is biphasic
its an initial stimulant phase follwed by a depresant phase
73
# list
examples of hallucinogens
* LSD (acid
* mescaline
* psilocybin
74
# answer
example of hallucinogen and amphetamine
MDMA
75
# list
major models of drug abuse
* moral model
* disease model
* physical dependence model
* positive reward model
76
# define:
moral model
abuser lacks moral character or self-control
77
# define
physical dependence model
abusers use drugs to avoid withrawal symptoms like dysphoria
78
# define
disease model
abuser requires medical treatment
79
# define
positive reward model
drug use is a behavior controlled by positive rewards
