Chapter 10 Slides

Question 1

Nonexperimental designs

Answer 1

Used when the researcher wishes to:
- Construct a picture of a phenomenon
- Explore events, people, or situations as they naturally occur
- Test relationships and differences among variables
- Independent variable not manipulated
- Subjects not randomized
- No control group
- Provides level IV evidence

Question 2

Survey Studies

Answer 2

Researcher collects detailed descriptions of existing variables

Three ways to label survey studies:
Descriptive
Exploratory
Comparative

Seek to relate variables to each other

Results can provide the basis for program development and interventions

Question 3

Surveys

Answer 3

Data collected through questionnaires or interviews (closed ended questions)

Contain variables may be classified as opinions, attitudes, or facts (e.g. demographics).

Question 4

Relationship-Difference Studies

Answer 4

Studies that look at relationship differences among variables

• Correlational studies
• Developmental studies

Question 5

Correlational Studies

Answer 5

Examines the association between two or more variables.

A framework for exploring the relationship between variables that cannot be manipulated

Interested in quantifying the strength and the direction (positive or negative) of the relationship.

Descriptive correlational
Predictive correlational

Question 6

Developmental Studies

Answer 6

Concerned with the relationships and differences among phenomena at one point in time but also with changes that result over time

Three types
- Cross-sectional studies
- Prospective / Longitudinal / Cohort studies
- Retrospective /Ex post facto/ Case-control studies

Question 7

Cross Sectional Studies

Answer 7

Examine data at one point in time—data are collected only one time

Explore relationships and correlations, or differences and comparisons, or both

Question 8

Prospective Studies

Answer 8

Also known as Longitudinal or Cohort studies

Collect data from the same sample at different points in time

Explore relationships and correlations, or differences and comparisons, or both

Also called “repeated measures” study

Each subject is followed up separately and thereby serves as his or her own “control”

Question 9

Retrospective Studeis

Answer 9

Also known as Ex Post Facto or Case Control studies

Look backward in time and usually examines exposure to the independent variable

Attempt to link present events to events that have occurred in the past

Question 10

Comparison of Prospective and Retrospective

Answer 10

Prospective studies
Less common
Slow and expensive
Stronger evidence
Better control of extraneous variables
Findings suggest associations or relationships

Retrospective studies
Common
Fast and cheaper
Weaker evidence
Less control of extraneous variables
Findings suggest associations or relationships

Neither study establishes causality— i.e., a cause-and-effect relationship.