Chapter 7 & 8 Slides

Question 1

Elements not found in qualitative research

Answer 1

No hypothesis
No dependent and independent variables
No large, random samples
No complex statistical procedures
No scaled measurement tools

Question 2

Contribution of qualitative research to practice

Answer 2

Can lead to development of measurement tools/ instruments (survey)

Question 3

Creditability

Answer 3

Have the participants validated the themes? Do they recognize the experience as their own?

Question 4

Auditability

Answer 4

Does the researcher document the research process?

Question 5

Fittingness

Answer 5

Are the results meaningful to nursing?

Question 6

Consider the study’s Trustworthiness

Answer 6

Measured by Rigor (creditability, auditability, fittingness)

Mimics the concept of Validity in Quantitative studies

Question 7

Research Design

Answer 7

Provides the plan or blueprint for conducting the study

Is the strategy for systematically testing research questions or hypotheses

Provides the structure for maintaining the control in the study

Question 8

True Experimental/Randomized control trial

Answer 8

There is an intervention

There is an experimental and control group

The participants were randomized

Question 9

Quasi-Experimental

Answer 9

may not have an equivalent control group or may be not randomized, or both (but there is an intervention)

Question 10

Non-Experimental (Descriptive or Correlational)

Answer 10

no intervention

Question 11

Considerations in Quantitative Research Design

Answer 11

Objectivity of the research question or hypothesis
Is it framed within the
literature and theory?

Type of design chosen
Accuracy: Does it flow from the research question?
Feasibility: Can the question be answered by this design?

Control and Intervention fidelity

Validity: internal and external

Question 12

Objectivity

Answer 12

The researcher can demonstrate objectivity of the research question or hypothesis by providing a thorough review of the literature and the identifying a theoretical framework in the article.

Question 13

Design Accuracy

Answer 13

Accuracy of the research design is demonstrated if:
All aspects of the study design flow logically from the research question or hypothesis and offer the maximum amount of control

Question 14

Design Feasibility

Answer 14

Can the question be answered with this design?
Assessment of the practicality of the study, consider:

Time
Participant availability
Facility and equipment
Money
Ethics

Question 15

Designs Control

Answer 15

Steps taken by the researcher to
Avoid or decrease the effect of extraneous variables on the dependent variable or outcome

Keep the conditions of the study uniform

Avoids bias or threats to the internal validity of the study

Question 16

Independent variable

Answer 16

influence the dependent variable (outcome)

• manipulated

Question 17

Dependent variable

Answer 17

Variable the researcher is interested in explaining,

• Not manipulated

Question 18

Extraneous Variables

Answer 18

Characteristics of the participants or conditions in the study that are not controlled

Compete with the independent variables as an explanation for a study’s outcome

Question 18

Homogenous sample

Answer 18

Participants in the study have similar extraneous variables that might affect the dependent variable.

• Limits generalizability
• Increases application to similar population

Question 19

Consistent Data Collection

Answer 19

Environmental conditions, timing of data collection, data-collection instruments, and data-collection procedures used to collect the data are the same for each subject.

Question 20

Fidelity

Answer 20

Fidelity—trustworthiness or faithfulness

The researcher standardized the intervention and planned how to administer the intervention to each subject in the same manner under the same conditions.

Question 21

Randomization

Answer 21

Random assignment of intervention

Each subject in the study has an equal chance of being assigned to the control group or the experimental group.

Question 22

Validity

Answer 22

Internal validity: how well the study is conducted (structure)

External validity: how applicable the findings are to the real world

Question 23

Internal validity

Answer 23

Adresses whether the independent variable really made the difference or the change in the dependent variable (the outcome)

Established by ruling out other factors or threats as rival explanations

Question 24

History

Answer 24

An event, other than the intervention, that might influence the dependent variable;

Question 25

Maturation

Answer 25

Developmental, biological, or psychological processes that operate within an individual over time. These processes are outside the experimental setting.

Question 26

Testing

Answer 26

Taking the same test more than once can influence the participant’s responses the next time the test is taken e.g. Pre-test survey may lead to improved scores in post test

Question 27

Instrumentation

Answer 27

Changes in equipment used to make measurements or changes in observational techniques may cause measurements to vary between participants related to treatment fidelity

Question 28

Mortality

Answer 28

The loss of study subjects (those that do not complete the study)

Question 29

Selection Bias

Answer 29

A partiality in choosing the participants in a study

Question 30

External validity

Answer 30

Deals with the ability to generalize the study results outside the study to other populations and environments Questions the conditions under which the findings are generalized

Question 31

Selection Effects

Answer 31

What method was used to select the sample? How were subjects assigned to groups?

Question 32

Reactive Effects

Answer 32

Subjects’ responses to being studied Hawthorne effect (subject’s behavior is modified due to their awareness of being observed)

Question 33

Measurement Effects

Answer 33

A pretest may act like an intervention and influence or change the subjects’ responses