Chapter 10 The Nervous System A&P Flashcards
1
Q
two primary parts of the nervous system
A
central and peripheral nervous system
2
Q
includes the brain and spinal cord
A
central nervous system
3
Q
includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pair of peripheral nerve extending outward from the spinal cord
A
peripheral nervous system
4
Q
is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
A
nerve
5
Q
is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
A
tract
6
Q
carry nerve impulses toward the brain
A
ascending nerve tracts
7
Q
carry nerve impulses away from the brain
A
descending nerve tracts
8
Q
is a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system.
A
ganglion
9
Q
means the supply of nerves to a specific body part
A
innervation
10
Q
is a network of intersecting spinal nerves
A
plexus
11
Q
are the sites in the sensory that receive external stimulation
A
receptors
12
Q
is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body
A
reflex
13
Q
are the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other
A
neurons
14
Q
patterns of neuron electrical activity
A
brain waves
15
Q
what are the three parts of a neuron
A
dendrites, axon, cell body
16
Q
are the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body
A
dendrites
17
Q
is a structure that extends out from the body cell
A
process
18
Q
is a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell
A
axon
19
Q
also known as sensory neurons, these neurons emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord
A
afferent neurons
20
Q
also known as associative neurons, these neurons link afferent and efferent neurons
A
connecting neurons
21
Q
also known as motor neurons, these neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands
A
efferent neurons
22
Q
means toward
A
afferent
23
Q
means away from
A
efferent
24
Q
are the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse
A
terminal end fibers
25
is the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ
synapse
26
are chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor
neurotransmitters
27
is released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action
acetylcholine
28
is released within the brain. it is believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease
dopamine
29
are naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain
endorphins
30
affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress
norepineprhine
31
is released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition. sometimes linked to mood disorders
serotonin
32
provides support and protection for neurons
glial cells
33
is the protective covering made up of glial cells. white sheath forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord
myelin sheath
34
portion of nerve fibers that are myelinated are known as
white matter
35
means having a myelin sheath
myelinated
36
portion of nerve fibers that are unmyelinated are known as
gray matter
37
means lacking a myelin sheath
unmyelinated
38
is made up of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
39
are a system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
meninges
40
is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges
dura mater (tough mother)
41
inner surface of the vertebral column is known as the. located between the walls of the vertebral column and the dura mater of the meninges
epidural space
42
is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
subdural space
43
resembles a spiderweb, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater
arachnoid membrane
44
is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater
subarachnoid space
45
is the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
46
is produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum
cerebrospinal fluid
47
is the largest and uppermost portion of the brain.
cerebrum
48
means pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain
cerebral
49
which is made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures
cerebral cortex
50
are the elevated folds of gray matter in the cerebral cortex
gyri
51
are the fissures of the cerebral cortex
sulci
52
is a normally occurring deep groove in the brain
fissure
53
the cerebrum divided into two
cerebral hemispheres
54
what connects the two cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
55
controls the highest level of thought, including judgment, memory, association, and critical thinking. all voluntary muscle activity
cerebrum
56
relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
57
controls vital bodily functions. maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus
58
coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements
cerebellum
59
controls the functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure), and for arousal
brainstem
60
controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body
left cerebral hemisphere
61
controls most of the functions on the left side of the body
right cerebral hemisphere
62
controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior
frontal lobe
63
receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin and muscles
parietal lobe
64
controls eyesight
occipital lobe
65
controls the sense of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information
temporal lobe
66
is the second largest part of the brain. located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum
cerebellum
67
is the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord
brainstem
68
provides conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain. also control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli
midbrain and pons
69
is located at the lowest portion of the brain stem. controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make possible respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure
medulla oblongata
70
is along, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column
spinal cord
71
means pertaining to body parts that are away from the center of the body
peripheral
72
carry instructions to the organs and glands from the autonomic nervous system
autonomic nerve fibers
73
receive external stimuli, such as how something feels, and transmit this information to the brain where it is interpreted
sensory nerve fibers
74
also known as motor nerve fibers, convey information that controls the body's voluntary muscular movements
somatic nerve fibers
75
originate from the under surface of the brain. have a variety of functions
cranial nerves
76
are grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate. 31 pairs
peripheral spinal nerves
77
is organized into two divisions, controls involuntary actions of the body such as the functioning of internal organs
autonomic nervous system
78
is the process of maintaining the constant internal environment of the body
homeostasis
79
prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles
sympathetic nervous system
80
body's natural reaction to real or imaginary danger
fight-or-flight response
81
return the body to normal after a response to stress.
parasympathetic
82
is a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and after surgery
anesthesiologist
83
is a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician, for example, a nurse anesthetist
anesthetist
84
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system
neurologist
85
is a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system
neurosurgeon
86
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness
psychiatrist
87
has a doctoral degree, but is not a medical doctor. evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness
psychologist
88
describes an injury occurring within the skull near the point of impact
coup
89
is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact
contrecoup, counterblow
90
destroys brain tissue and is invasive
malignant brain tumor
91
does not invade the brain tissue; however, because this growth is surrounded by rigid bone, as the tumor enlarges, it can damage the brain tissue by placing pressure against the tissues and by increasing intracranial pressure
benign brain tumor
92
is the recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it
post-polio syndrome
93
is any disease or damage to a nerve
neuropathy
94
is damage to a singular peripheral nerve, as in carpal tunnel syndrome
mononeuropathy
95
is when multiple peripheral nerves are damaged
polyneuropathy
96
is a barbituate used as a sedative and hypnotic
amobarbital
97
is a barbituate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant
phenobarbital
98
causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near that area
local anesthesia
99
the temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting anesthetic solution near the nerves to be blocked
regional anesthesia
100
numbs only the tissue surface and is applied as a liquid, ointment, or spray
topical anesthesia
101
is the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
dystonia
102
is another subgroup of the autism disorders spectrum. usually have above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication
Asperger's syndrome
103
is a disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value
kleptomania
104
is a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting
pyromania
105
is a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one's own hair
trichotillomania
106
is a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
antisocial personality disorder
107
is characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships
borderline personality disorder
108
is a pattern of extreme preoccupation with the self and complete lack of empathy for others
narcissistic personality disorder
109
is a psychological or physical syndrome (or both) caused by the abrupt cessation of the use of alcohol or a drug in an addicted individual
withdrawal
110
is one normally used for personal pleasure or satisfaction rather than medical purposes
recreational drug
111
is a visual disturbance perceived by the patient preceding a migraine headache or epileptic seizure
warning aura
112
is a memory disorder, usually associated with with recently acquired information, which may be an early predictor of Alzheimer's disease
mild cognitive impairment
113
is dementia of the aged
senile dementia
114
located above the dura mater is a cranial hematoma
epidural hematoma
115
located below the dura mater is a cranial hematoma
subdural hematoma
116
refers to a decrease in consciousness due to injury, disease, or substance abuse such as medications, drugs, or alcohol
altered levels of consciousness (ALOC)
117
means indifference and a reduced level of activity
apathy
118
refers to a person who is at this level of consciousness
lethargic
119
refers to a person who is in a coma
comatose
120
occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms in a blood vessel somewhere other than the brain and travels through the bloodstream to lodge in the narrower brain arteries
embolic stroke
121
is the loss of patches of the protective myelin sheath
demyelination
122
is a condition in which certain muscles are continuously contracted
spasticity
123
means paralysis of a body part that is often accompanied by loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements, such as shaking
palsy
124
involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection
general anesthesia
125
is the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
dystonia
126
characterized by high energy and a short wavelength, is also used in nuclear medicine
gamma radiation
127
is restlessness or a continuous excess of movement
hyperactivity
128
means artificial, self-induced, or not naturally occurring
factitious
129
is another subgroup of the autism disorders spectrum. individuals usually have normal or above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication
Asperger's syndrome
