Chapter 11 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

Agile Development

Agile development: The term that refers to system development methodologies used to deal with unpredictability.
They adapt to changing requirements by iteratively developing systems in small stages and then testing the new
code extensively. They include extreme programming (XP), crystal, scrum, feature‐driven development, and
dynamic system development method (DSDM).

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Direct Cutover

Direct cutover: The conversion stage in a system development life cycle in which the old system is disconnected
and a new system takes its place rather than operating both simultaneously for a period of time.

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Function Points

Function points: The functional requirements of a software product that can be estimated earlier than total lines
of code.

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Joint Applications Development (JAD)

Joint applications development (JAD): A version of RAD or prototyping in which users as a group are more
integrally involved with the entire development process up to and, in some cases, including coding.

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Mashups

Mashup: A term used in the Web 2.0 community to mean the combination of data from multiple sources into one
Web page, for example, the combination of Google Maps with real estate data to produce a diagram showing
home price ranges for certain neighborhoods.

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Object

Object: An item that encapsulates both the data stored about an entity and the operations that manipulate that data.

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Open Source Software (OSS)

Open source software (OSS): The software released under a license approved by the Open Source Initiative (OSI).

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Open Sourcing

Open sourcing: A development approach in which an Internet community builds and improves “free” software.

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Parallel Conversion

Parallel conversion: The conversion in which both the old system and new system are run at the same time.

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Program

Program: A collection of related projects that is often related to a strategic organizational objective. It also refers
to a set of instructions to execute one or more tasks on the computer.

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Project

Project: A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. Temporary means that a
project has a definite beginning and a definite end.

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Project Manager

Project manager: A person who makes sure that an entire project is executed appropriately and coordinated
properly and defines project scope realistically and manages the project so that it can be completed on time and
within budget.

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Project Management Office

Project management office (PMO): The organizational unit within which the expertise for managing projects
resides.

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Project Stakeholders

Project stakeholder: An individual or organization that is actively involved in a project or whose interests may be
affected as a result of project execution or project completion.

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Prototyping

Prototyping: An evolutionary development method for building an information system. Developers get the general idea of what is needed by the users and then build a fast, high‐level version of the system at the beginning
of the project. The idea of prototyping is to quickly get a version of the software in the hands of the users and to
jointly evolve the system through a series of cycles of design and build and then to use and evaluate.

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Rapid Applications Development (RAD)

Rapid application development (RAD): The process similar to prototyping in that it is an interactive process in
which tools are used to speed development. RAD systems typically have tools for developing the user, reusable
code, code generation, and programming language testing and debugging. These tools make it easy for the developer to build a library of common, standard sets of code that can easily be used in multiple applications.

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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Systems development life cycle (SDLC): The process of designing and delivering an entire system using these
seven phases: initiation of the project, requirements definition phase, functional design phase, technical design
and construction phase, verification phase, implementation phase, and maintenance and review phase.

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User-Centered Design

User‐centered design: The development approach that uses tools for RAD, JAD, agile development, and prototyping to provide assurance that users’ needs are being met efficiently and responsively.

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In today’s hypercompetitive business environment, firms that have strong project management skills have a higher likelihood of success because they are able to:
a) Spend money wisely.
b) Adapt processes and systems and therefore innovate faster than their competitors.
c) Optimize business processes.
d) Change and adapt in a slow yet methodical manner, reducing risk.
e) Utilize social and mobile platforms.

b) Adapt processes and systems and therefore innovate faster than their competitors.

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To help with organization and complexity, a project manager will break a project up into:
a) Variables
b) Business processes
c) Subprojects
d) Infrastructure
e) Work

c) Subprojects

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To maintain balance in a project with a fixed budget and a well-defined scope, a project team will require flexibility ________.
a) with the deadline.
b) in spending.
c) with project quality.
d) with assumed risks.
e) in achieving the goals of the business case.

a) with the deadline.

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This is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result.
a) project
b) event
c) scope
d) requirement
e) system

a) project

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Scope may be divided into product scope and __________ scope.
a) project
b) cost
c) time
d) time
e) sequence

a) project

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The project triangle includes 3 sides - time, scope and ________.
a) cost
b) product
c) event
d) quality
e) requirements

a) cost

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7. What is at the center of the project triangle? a) Agility b) Quality c) Speed d) Cost e) Focus

b) Quality

8. This project cycle plan tends to be used for projects that have direct relationships between time and resources. a) PERT b) Gantt c) CPM d) NPV e) Flowchart

c) CPM

9. An organization may convert from an old system to a new system by choosing to run both the old and new systems at the same time until the new system is fully accepted. This is known as __________. a) Cutover b) Parallel conversion c) Direct cutover d) Agile development e) SDLC

b) Parallel conversion

10. This project cycle plan chart looks very much like a bar chart and is easy for management to read because of its visual nature. a) PERT b) Gantt c) CPM d) NPV e) Flowchart

b) Gantt

11. Which one of the following is NOT one of the four essential elements of any project? a) Common project vocabulary b) Project team c) System evaluation d) Project cycle plan e) Project management

c) System evaluation

12. What does PMO stand for? a) Project Maintenance Office b) Project Mission and Objectives c) Product Maintenance Office d) Project Mission Office e) Project Management Office

e) Project Management Office

13. What type of software is released under a license approved by the Open Source Initiative (OSI)? a) System Architecture Software (SAS) b) Open System Software (OSS) c) Shareware Software (SS) d) Open Source Software (OSS) e) Source System Software (SSS)

d) Open Source Software (OSS)

14. Which one of the following software products is NOT an open source software release? a) PERL b) Open Office c) Linux d) Mozilla e) Microsoft Office

e) Microsoft Office

15. This development methodology is more traditional and more structured than other approaches. a) Agile programming b) Prototyping c) Open source deployment d) Software development life cycle (SDLC) e) Critical path method (CPM)

d) Software development life cycle (SDLC)

16. Open source software __________. a) is free. b) requires an organization pay a per user fee. c) is costly. d) is not allowed to be modified. e) is provided by software vendors like Microsoft and SAP.

a) is free.

17. To reduce risk, a project should have which one of the following qualities. a) High complexity b) High clarity c) Big in size d) Large in budget e) Lots of programmers.

b) High clarity

18. Increasing project success requires gaining commitment from stakeholders. All of the following help to sustain that commitment for the life of the project EXCEPT: a) Continually reminding stakeholders of the project benefits b) Placing key stakeholders on the project team c) Encouraging the project sponsor to provide public support for the project d) Surprising the stakeholders by keeping the system’s workings a secret e) Assigning the right leader to be the project sponsor

d) Surprising the stakeholders by keeping the system’s workings a secret

19. All of the following are indications that the project is successful EXCEPT: a) Customers receive a significant benefit from the project. b) The project meets its return on investment goal. c) The project meets the established time and budget criteria. d) The project prepares the organization for future success and growth. e) The project profits are high and last for a very short time period.

e) The project profits are high and last for a very short time period.

20. A successful project begins with a ____________ that articulates the purpose and details of the project, benefits and costs, stakeholders, and required resources. a) project plan b) Gantt chart c) business case d) dashboard e) strategy

c) business case

21. If someone wants a system cheaply, quickly, and with a large scope, we can conclude: a) That desire represents the three sides of the Project Triangle b) This is normally not possible: you can usually only achieve two of those three objectives at a time. c) Management might be providing an impossible goal. d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

22. A system development life cycle a) Assures us that as some systems die others are born in a sort of "circle of life." b) Is a chain of events that count down to the demise of a system. c) Illustrates the steps needed to go from one stage to another: for example, analysis to design to construction to implementation to operation to maintenance. d) Specifies how to build a prototype quickly then improve on it. e) Is a self-propelled ride at the "Technology Amusement Park" in San Francisco.

c) Illustrates the steps needed to go from one stage to another: for example, analysis to design to construction to implementation to operation to maintenance.

23. 67% of projects fail, if you define success by: a) Being on or under budget b) Meeting performance criteria c) Being completed on time d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

24. According to Brooks, adding extra personnel to a system project more often makes it later, not earlier.

25. In calling something a "project," the issues of uniqueness and temporariness are very important.

26. Strong project leadership can trade off against strong project management processes. That is, if the leader is not strong, then processes can be strengthened to make up for it. And if the processes are weak, a strong leader is needed.

27. Prototyping and RAD can be used to minimize problems of defining a scope that is too broad or narrow at the beginning of a project.

28. Open source software is free but often an organization will have to pay for training and technical support for the software.

29. Adding more people to a project can be helpful, but most projects are not made more efficient by simply adding labor.

30. A research firm found that a majority of software projects are delivered late or over budget or simply fail to meet expectations.

31. To support a common language and improve communication, a project manager should develop a private collection of acronyms and make frequent use of them.

32. The riskiest approach to system implementation is a parallel conversion.

33. The maintenance and review phase is the longest phase of the software development lifecycle.

34. Small projects that are low in complexity and low in clarity are low in risk.

35. A project is a permanent endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service.

36. Integrating within the organization is a mechanism to manage project complexity, and includes frequent team meetings as an example.

37. To transform resources into profits, organizations combine two types of work - operations and ________.

Ans: projects (Medium)

38. These are the individuals and organizations that are involved in or may be affected by a given project.

Ans: Project stakeholders

39. This is the term used to describe what happens when a project’s scope increases after it has started.

Ans: Scoop creep

40. What is the name given to the department that develops project management skills, boosts efficiency for projects, and improves project delivery?

Ans: Project Management Office

41. A good project manager defines a realistic project scope and then manages the project so that it can be completed on time and within _________.

Ans: Budget

42. This plan organizes the discrete project activities and orders them along a timeline, identifying the critical beginning and ending dates as well as necessary time and resources.

Ans: Project cycle plan

43. Agile development tends to be _______-oriented rather than process-oriented.

Ans: People

44. List one example of open source software.

Ans: Linux (and many others)

45. Project risk is a function of these 3 determinants.

Ans: Complexity, clarity and size

46. What are the three outside elements of the project triangle?

Ans: Time, Cost, and Scope

47. This is the term used to describe Web apps that are created by combining existing applications, data, and infrastructure.

Ans: mashup