1
Q
This is defined as an unpleasant sensation or emotion that produces or might produce tissue damage
A
Pain
2
Q
This is subjective data because it is whatever the patient states it is and the intensity of it is what the patient states it is
A
Pain
3
Q
The smallest amount of tissue damage that makes a person aware of having pain
A
Pain threshold
4
Q
This is related to injury such as a recent surgery, trauma, or infection that ends within the expected time frame
A
Acute pain
5
Q
This triggers an stress response of the fight or flight response and is result of elevated heart and respiratory rate increased blood pressure sweating of the palms and soles dry mouth and dialated pupils
A
Acute pain
6
Q
This is any pain that continues beyond the expected time frame of an acute injury process
A
Chronic pain
7
Q
This doesn’t trigger a stress response because it has been present for a long time that the body has adapted to it
A
Chronic pain
8
Q
Pain I perceived by the what
A
Brain
9
Q
Acute, chronic, continuous, intermittent, nociceptive, visceral, neuropathic, and cancer pain
A
Classifications of pain
10
Q
Always present but may vary on intensity
A
Continuous pain
11
Q
Comes and goes
A
Intermittent pain
12
Q
Specific to a body area that is easily to identify and describe
A
Nociceptive pain
13
Q
Hard to locate may be referred to more distant does than the cause of the pain
A
Visceral pain
14
Q
Sharp shooting stabbing and burning sensation
A
Neuropathic pain
15
Q
Often includes all specific types of pain with multiple causes
A
Cancer pain
16
Q
Anxiety, depression, fatigue, and other chronic diseases
A
Risk tht increases perceptions of the pain
17
Q
Ask about pain on regular basis, assess for pain systemically, believe the patient where and the intensity of the pain, choose pain Management options correct for your patient, deliver interventions in a timely manner, empower the patient and family, and enable them to manage their pain to the greater extent possible
A
Principles of pain Management
18
Q
Specific to relieving pain
A
Analgesics
19
Q
Oipoid agonist, oipoid agonist antagonist, nonopoid centrally acting analgesics, and miscellaneous analgesic
A
4 main categories of drugs for pain Management
20
Q
A substance either derived from natural opium or that is chemically similar to opium that alters the perceptions of pain that has the potential to induce dependence or addiction
A
Oipoid (narcotics)
21
Q
NSAIDs and opioids
A
Types of analgesics
22
Q
Hydrocodone and acetaminophen
A
Combination of analgesics
23
Q
Acute care setting usees these
A
Morphine
24
Q
Binds to mu receptor
A
Morphine
25
Two mot common side effects of opioids we what
Sedation and constipation
26
Bradycardia HTN decreased HR anorexia dry mouth euphoria
Risk for falling in elderly
27
Comes in forms of IV PO IM transdermal patches
Opioids
28
Decreases RR severe HPN oliguria hypothermia sedation or coma cool clammy skin
Adverse effects of opioids
29
Opposite reversal for opioids
Narcan (naloxone)
30
Magic number for respirations
8
31
Alcohol antianxiety skeletal muscle reactions barbiturates psychiatric drugs and other oipoid agonist
Drug interaction for oipoid agonist analgesics
32
Set to deliver a certain amount at a certain time
PCA pump
33
Requires a higher dose to achieve same level of relief
Tolerance
34
Body shows signs of withdrawal
Dependence
35
This is changes in the body or mind such as nausea or anxiety that occur when a drug is stopped or reduced after regular use
Withdrawal symptoms
36
Is the desperate need to have and use a drug for a nonmedical reason
Addiction
37
The decreased pupil size sedation dry mouth and euphoria are the CNS that effects
The oipoid agonist along with pain relief
38
Alcohol antianxiety drugs skeletal muscle relaxants barbiturates psychiatric drugs etc
Examples of oipoid agonist
39
Ask the patient to describe the pain and use a pain scale to assess pain intensity, ask the patient whether he or she has ever received morphine in the past what, if any problems occured with it's use, ask the patient about current tobacco and alcohol use any past addiction to pain drugs or a family history of substances abuse or addiction
Nursing implications of pain
40
Take this drug as prescribed do not change the dosage, do not take any other drugs not prescribed to you, alcohol increases the effects of the drugs and taking both together may lead to serious adverse reaction, report any new symptoms or problems your health care provider, change position slowly to prevent dizziness and falling from a rapid drop in BP, do not drive or operate heavy machinery or make any important decisions while taking these types of medications, increase fluid and fiber intake to prevent constipation, use prescribed stool softeners or laxatives to prevent severe constipation, take with food to prevent nausea, if it's a extended release capsule don't cut in half chew or crush it because it will cause a quick release and have adverse reaction, and don't allow anyone else to use the drug
Patient and family teaching for oipoid agonist
41
Are pain Management drugs that have mixed actions at oipoid receptor site
Oipoid agonist antagonist analgesic
42
Pentazocine
Nalbuphine
Butorphanol
Buprenorphine
Oipoid agonist antagonist analgesic
43
Morphine
Hydromorphone
Oxymorphone
Fentanyl
Oipoid agonist analgesic
44
Act as antagonist at mu oipoid receptor and agonist at the kappa oipoid receptor
Oipoid agonist antagonist analgesic of pentazocine nalbuphine and butorphanol
45
Clonidine
| Tramadol
Nonopoid centrally acting analgesics
46
It acts as partial agonist at mu receptor and as antagonist at kappa receptor
Oipoid agonist antagonist analgesic of buprenorphine
47
Are drugs that work in the CNS to help manage pain but do not interact with opioids receptor to do so
Nonopoid centrally acting analgesics
48
Are drugs that do not have a specific purpose and cations for other health problems but can help provide relief for certain types of pain
Miscellaneous analgesic
49
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Acetaminophen
Corticosteroid
NSAIDS
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Antidepressant
Anticonvulsant
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Miscellaneous analgesic
50
These work in the brain to reduce seizure
Anticonvulsant
51
Gabapentin
| Pregabalin
Anticonvulsant
52
Amitriptyline
Nortriptyline
Paroxetine
Sertraline
Antidepressant
53
These drugs improve long term sense of sadness and can reduce some types of chronic pain cancer pain neuropathic nerve pain with tingling and burning sensation
Antidepressant
54
These drugs contract under nerve stimulation to allow you to move
Skeletal muscle relaxant
55
Are nonopoid analgesic that have the main action of reducing inflammation
NSAIDS
56
Are drugs with powerful anti-inflammatory action that are chemically similar to the cortisol hormones secreted by the adrenal glands
Corticosteroid
57
Is a common drug used for pain relief
Acetaminophen
58
Is a antihypertensive drug mot commonly used for lowering BP
Clonidine
59
Is a drug that works by blocking the action of some of the neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and areas of the brain
Tramadol
60
Elevated BP
Pentazocine
61
Increased risk for bleeding
NSAIDS
62
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Buprenorphine
63
Hypotension
Clonidine
64
High dose for prolonged period can cause liver damage
Acetaminophen
65
Sleepiness constipation and respiratory depression
Morphine
66
Blurred vision dizziness and urinary retention
Cyclobenzaprine
67
Seizure
Tramadol
68
Pain redness warmth swelling and loss of function
5 major symptoms of inflammation
69
Is a predictable set of tissue and blood vessels action caused by WBC as a response to injury and infection
Inflammation
70
Kinins prostaglandins histmines and tumor necrosis factor
Inflammation mediator
71
Theses act on blood vessels in the injured area causing them to dialate and leak fluid from the capillaries which is the redness and warmth of the tissue
Histamines
72
Released of these pain receptor in nerve endings which makes the area painful
Kinins
73
As more WBC come to the injured area this increases the inflammatory response which converts the fat from the injures cell membrane into AA
AA
74
Protects stomach lining and prevent blood clotting
Cox 1
75
Reduces pain and suppresses inflammation
Cox2
76
Inhibits both cox1 and cox2
Gi lining is vulnerable to acid
Prevents blood clotting
Reduce pain and inflammation along with associated fever
Nonselective NSAIDs
77
Inhibits cox2 only
Gi protected
Blood clothing is okay
Reduces pain and inflammation
Selective NSAIDS
78
Heartburn nausea vomiting diarrhea headache and bleeding
Side effect of NSAIDs
79
Take with a full glass of water or a small glass of milk or food
NSAIDS
80
These drugs have their primary purpose to reduce pain and prevent or limit the tissue and blood vessel response to injury or invasion
Anti-inflammatory drug
81
Alcohol anticoagulants vaccine sulfonylureas and antihypertensive drug
NSAIDs drug and other interactions
82
Heartburn nausea vomiting dizziness headache and increased risk for bleeding and bruising
Common side effects of nonselective NSAIDs
83
These should be avoided in patients with high BP heart failure or renal failure
NSAIDs
84
These have fewer GI effects because they don't impact the protective effects associated with cox1 enzymes
Selective NSAIDS
85
These include allergy renal failure GI bleeding and blood disorders
Adverse reaction of NSAIDs
86
These may have increased risk for myocardial infarction and stroke
Cox2 inhibitors
87
These may affect all organs of the body but most serious affected. Are the brain and liver
Reye syndrome symptoms
88
These progress from mild to severe beginning with tinnitus (ringing if the ears) hyperventilation diaphoresis (sweating) thirst headache drowsiness skin eruptions and electrolyte inbalance and can progress to CNS depression stupor convulsions and coma tachycardia and respiratory insufficiency
Symptoms of Aspirin toxicity
89
This taken with NSAIDs an lead to GI bleed
Alcohol
90
These can not be given with immunizations vaccine with fever and pain can prevent the immune response and it's protection
Aspirin and other NSAIDs
91
Ask patient directly if they are using any other over the counter or prescribed NSAIDs
Make sure to check for the presence of allergy to aspirin or other NSAIDs history of asthma blood disorders GI problem or ulcer disease or other liver or kidney problems
And assess which other prescribed and over the counter drugs the patient takes daily
Nursing interventions for NSAIDs
92
Take NSAIDs with a full glass of water, food, or milk contact your health care provider if ringing in the ears abnormal bleeding or bruising or bloody or black tarry stools if you have more of a chronic problem you may need to take NSAIDs more than a week or two stay hydrated while taking NSAIDs take them on a regular schedule don't take any other over the counter drugs without talking to your health care provider and keep out of reach of children
Patient teaching for NSAIDs
93
These are known as glucocorticoids that are drugs built on structures of cholesterol that are able to prevent or limit inflammation by slowing or stopping all known pathways of inflammatory cytokine production
Corticosteroids
94
These drugs may be given in replacement for missing or low hormone levels in cases of adrenal insufficiency
Corticosteroid
95
Prednisone methylprednisolone hydrocortisone and dexamethasone
Common systemic corticosteroid drugs
96
These inhibit enzymes and proteins that allow the cox1 and cox2 enzyme systems to start and continue the AA production of inflammatory mediators
Corticosteroid
97
Acne sodium and fluid retention elevated BP sensation of nervousness difficulty sleeping emotional changes crying easily
Side effects of that can occur as soon as 1 week of taking corticosteroid
98
Weight gain fat redistribution increased risk for GI ulcers and bleeding fragile skin that bruises easily loss of muscle mass and strength thinning scalp hair increased facial and body hair increased susceptibility to colds and other infections and stretch marks
Side effects that can occur within a month after using corticosteroid
99
These includes anorexia nausea and vomiting lethargy headache fever joint pain skin peeling myalgia weight loss and hypotension
Adverse reactions of corticosteroid
100
These increase the effect of barbiturates sedatives narcotics and anticoagulants
Corticosteroid
101
These decrease the effects of insulin and oral hypoglycemic isoniazid and broad spectrum antibiotics
Corticosteroid
102
These include alcohol NSAIDs amphotericin B thiazides and other potassium wasting diuretics antichlorogenics cardiac glycosides and stimulants
Exaggerated side effects with corticosteroid
103
Obtain a good drug history including over the counter drugs herbal agents and any topical or inhaled drugs assess the patient for any signs or symptoms of local or systemic infection before starting the dug and report any symptoms of infection to the prescribed
Nursing interventions for corticosteroid
104
Monitor while taking this drug heavy smoking may add to the expected action of the drug avoid alcohol report any signs and symptoms of infection inform all providers your taking corticosteroid don't stop taking these suddenly don't receive any immunizations without consulting your provider take oral drugs of these with a meal or light snack eat a diet rich in potassium if your forget to take a dose take it immediately and then take the prescribed dose on schedule and call provider if rapid weight gain black or tarry stools unusual bleeding or bruising or signs of hypokalemia
Patient teaching for corticosteroid
105
These reduce the progression and tissue destruction of the inflammatory disease process by inhibiting TNF
Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
106
These work through a variety of actions to decrease or suppress the inflammatory response and in cases of rheumatoid arthritis slow down the progression of the disease and preserve joint functions
DMARDs
107
Injected site reactions such as pain swelling itching and redness at the site for about 1 week
Expected side effects of DMARDs
108
These reduced immunity and increase the risk for infection
Adverse reactions for DMARDs
109
Who's getting the drug ask the patient to list every drug he or she is currently taking ask about symptoms of infection such as fever cough fast-mailing drainage pain or burning or on urination general malice and any recent exposure to people who are ill also ask whether the patient has received an immunization within the past month all patients must be tested for tuberculosis before starting this type of drug
Nursing interventions for DMARD
110
Check for and report the signs and symptoms of infection to your prescriber immediately if you have learned how to inject the drug make sure to always use the proper technique and contact your health care provider if you have any questions report any nausea vomiting loss of appetite severe fatigue or changes in color on the urine because they can become symptoms of problems with the liver avoid any over-the-counter drugs with out contacting the prescriber to avoid dangerous drug interactions
Patient teaching for DMARDs
111
Please can cause symptoms of fever cough fast-mailing drainage pain or burning on urination general malaise and any recent exposure to illness can cause a drug interaction for this type of drug
Drug interactions for DMARDs
112
Is a metabolic disorder that causes a person to either make too many uric acid crystals from the proteins he or she eats or to not eliminate the crystals in the urine
Gout
113
Shellfish Herring sardines salmon haddock and anchovies red meat organs meat and pork beer and wine
Foods that produce less uric acid DONTS
114
Did most common drugs used to reduce the uric acid levels associated with gout are uric acid synthesis inhibitors the two drugs in this class are allopurinol and febuxostat
Anti-gout drugs
115
This is used to prevent gout and short and gout attacks and these must be taken daily
Anti-gout drugs
116
Headache rash and minor nausea are all effects of allopurinol and febuxostat
Common side effects for anti-gout medication
117
This includes kidney stone formation liver failure heart failure and stroke rarely depression and cardiac dysrhythmias have been reported when using this type of medication
Adverse actions for anti-gout medications
118
These inhibit absorption of allopurinol
Albumin based antiacids
119
These interfere with the metabolism and action of warfarin
Anti-gout drugs
120
This interacts with many chemotherapy drugs to form other metabolic products that can damage the kidneys and this is why it is not used for hyperuricemia that's associated with cancer therapy
Febuxostat
121
Patients are really hospitals as for gout the most important action to teach patients how to take these drugs to prevent and control gout
Nursing interventions for gout
122
Take allopurinol after I full mail to avoid an upset stomach drink 8 to 16 glasses of liquids especially water throughout the 24-hour day wait at least 3 hours to take allopurinol after using almumin based anti-acid avoid foods that are high in purine such as beer or organ meats because those foods May participate an acute attack keep all appointments for lab tests of uric acid levels as well as the for liver and kidney function while taking these drugs many drugs can trigger gouty flare up so it is important to let your health care provider know if you have gout
Patient teaching for gout
Pharmacology
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
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