Chapter 11 Flashcards
(14 cards)
Regulatory mechanisms of bacteria include transcription________, transcription ________, and _______
Regulatory mechanisms alter the activity of ______ and _____
______ genes- housekeeping genes that are expressed continuously by the cell
______ genes- genes that code for inducible enzymes needed only in certain environments
________ enzyme functions in a catabolic pathway
- initiation, elongation, translation
- enzymes and proteins
- constitutive genes
- inducible
- inducible
Enzymes that function in biosynthetic pathways are products of ______ ____
_______ and _____ occur because of the activity of regulatory proteins and DNA-binding domains
- repressible genes
- Induction and repression
In negative control of transcription. Repressor proteins _________. and Inducers alter activity of _______ by binding
In positive control inactive protein is activated by ______ and active protein is inactivated by _______
- exist in active and inactive form, repressor
- inducer, inhibitor
In the lac Operon, transcription only occurs when _______
in the tryptophan operon, when there are high concentrations of tryptophan_______ occurs
In the arabinose operon it is only active when arabinose is ______
- lactose is present
- repression
- present
Transcription can also be regulated by controlling transcription ______
Attenuation is ______ of transcription within the leader region which occurs through a ______ _____
Folding of mRNA sequence (the riboswitch) determines if transcription will _______
- termination
- terminiation
- stem loop
- continue/terminate
Riboswitches in gram-positive bacteria function in transcriptional _______
Riboswitches in gram-negative bacteria regulate ________ of mRNA
______ ______ ______ are often used in regulation such as: two-component signal transduction systems, phosphorelay systems, Alternate sigma factors, second messengers
- termination
- translation
- Global regulatory systems
two-component signal transduction is found in a all ______ of life
________ - extracellular receptor for metabolit; intracellular communication pathway
_____________- activated by sensor kinase
- domains
- sensor kinase
- response regulator
__________ immediately change expression of many genes as they direct RNA polymerase to specific subset of bacterial genes
This is possible because ______
- sigma factors
- RNA polymerase needs help from a sigma factor
_________ growth pattern is where the use of one caarbon source changes to another when both are available
_____ brings about coordinate regulation of catabolite operons
CAP is active when ______ is bound
All _______ operons contain CAP binding site
when glucose is absent ___ is active and promotes transcription of operons used for catabolism of other sugars
- biphastic
- CAP
3.cAMP
- catabolite
- CAP
_____ levels are increased by phosphoenolpyruvate and sugar phosphotransferase systems
_______ is when cells are starved for amino acids and protein synthesis proceeds this causes cells to ______ in production of tRNA and rRNA to conserve energy
Cells would increase ______ _____
- cAMP
- Stringent Response, decrease
- Amino Acids
Methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins(MCPs) are _______ in membrane
_______ ______ is cell-to-cell communication mediated by small signaling molecules sich as N-acy-homoserine lactone
Quorum sensing plays an essential role in the ________ whose products are needed for the establishment of virulence, symbiosis, biofilm production, and morphological differentiation in a wide range of bacteria
- chemoreceptors
- Quorum sensing
- Regulation of Genes
Microbial cells have _____ ______ to actively combat viral infection:
____________- microbes produce methylases that modify the nitrogenous bases in short stretches of DNA throughout the chormosome
___________- recognize the same DNA sequence as the methylase and hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds only if the DNA has not been methylated
- several systems
- Restriction-modification
- Restriction endonucleases
actively transcribed genes have a _________ free core promoter on which the basal transcription factors assemble
_____ ______ ______– binding sites for activators that coordinate with other proteins(Mediator and TFIID) to promote transcription
_________- Regulator sites that increase the rate of transcription
- nucleosome
- Upstream activating sequence
- enhancers
Archael transcription is most similar to ______ bt function in anucleate cells with _____ chromosomes
some archaea use ________ ________ proteins that are bacterial-like in their action
- eukaryotes, circular
- transcriptional regulatory
