Chapter 9 Flashcards
(11 cards)
Griffith in 1928 observed the change of _______ organisms into ________ ones via “transformation”
The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of _______
DNA and RNA differ in ______, ______, and ______
- nonvirulent, virulent
- Nucleotides
3.the nitrogenous bases they have, the sugars they contain,
and whether they are single or double stranded
Bases of ______ are adenine, gaunine, cytosine, and thymine
______ Base pairing adeinne and thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, Guanine and cytosine by 3 hydrogen bonds
- DNA
2.DNA
______ is a process where multiple proteins are present to ensure accuracy. 2 strands separate to serve as a template for synthesis of complementary strand.
DNA in most Bacteria is _____
replicon-______
- DNA replication
- Circular
- portion of the genome that contains an origin that is replicated as a unit
DNA polymerase _______ synthesis of complementary strand of DNA
DNA synthesis is in the _ to _ direction forming ______ bonds
Enzymes require-
_______- directs synthesis of complementary strand
_______- DNA or RNA strand
_____- deoxynucleotide triphosphate
- catalyze
- 5’ to 3’. forming phosphodiester bonds
- A template
- A primer
- dNTPs
__________ - complex of 3 core enzymes and several other proteins
Replisome proteins:
Helicase-_____
Single-stranded DNA binding
proteins(SSB)- _______
__________- relieves tension from rapid unwinding of double helix, prevents supercoiling
______- changes the structure of DNA without altering nucleotide sequence
_________- synthesizes short complementary strands of RNA primers needed by DNA polymerase
- DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
- unwinds DNA strands
- keeps strands apart during replication
- Topisomerase
- DNA gyrase
- Primase
Lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called ____
A new _____ is needed for the synthesis of each Okazaki fragment
In E. coli, DnaA proteins bind at the ______ causing bending and separation of strands
- Okazaki fragment
- primer
- oriC
Proofreading is carried out by ___________
it removes the ________ base from 3’ end of growing strand by exonuclease activity of enzyme
- DNA polymerase III
- mismatched
Chromosomes in eukaryotic cells are ______
Eukaryotic chromosomes are wound around _____
In eukaryotes there are many ______ for replication
origin of replication are “marked” by complex of proteins termed _______
3 ________ are responsible for eukaryotic DNA replication
- Linear
- Histone proteins
- Origins
- Origin recognition complex
- DNA polymerase
______ ends may be digested by DNases or fuse with other DNA molecules
Normal replication prevents the ______ portion of DNA to replace the last bit of RNA on the last Okazaki fragament
- Chromosomes
- fill-in
_______ are structures at the end of chromosomes and it created and maintained by _______
- telomeres, telomerase
Replications of DNA in archaea is _____ meaning it has similarities to _______ and ______
- hybrid, bacteria and eukaryotes
