Chapter 12

Question 1

______ are stable, heritable changes in sequence of bases in DNA

_______ are common and come from alterations of single pair of nucleotide and from the addition or deletion of nucleotide pairs

________ are less common and come from insertions, deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations of nucleotide sequence

Answer 1

1. Mutations
2. point mutation
3. large mutations

Question 2

Spontaneous mutations come without _________

and may result from _______ in DNA replication

__________ is caused by agents that directly damage DNA.

________ occur when they are incorporated into growing polynucleotide chains

Answer 2

1. exposure to external agents
2. errors
3. induced mutations
4. mistakes

Question 3

_________ is when a wild-type phenotype is restored by a second mutation at a different site than the original mutation

_______ is a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift are all ______ type of mutation?

Answer 3

1. Suppressor
2. point mutation
3. point mutation

Question 4

________ mutation—- change nucleoside sequence of codon, but not the encoded amino acid

______ mutation— single base substitution that changes codon for one amino acid into codon for another amino acid

______ mutation— converts a sense codon to a nonsense codon

______ mutation— results from insertion or deletion of base pairs in the coding region of the gene

Answer 4

1. silent
2. missense
3. nonsenes
4. frameshift

Question 5

______ mutation is only expressed under certain conditions

Auxtrophs are unable to ________

Answer 5

1. conditional

2.make an essential macromolecule such as amino acid or nucleotide

Question 6

The replica plating technique is used to screen ________ mutants
its use of ____________ which only desires mutants to grow

Tests for carcinogens determine ______ type since carcinogens are normally _____

Answer 6

1. auxotrophic mutants
2. environmental conditions
3. mutant type, mutangens

Question 7

DNA repair:
Proofreading correction are done by __________

____ repair corrects damage that causes distortions in double helix
includes ______, and _____

Answer 7

1. DNA polyermase
2. excision repair
3. Nucleotide excision repair, Base excision repair

Question 8

Direct repair includes _____ which is used to directly repair thymine dimers

________ repair corrects DNA with damage in both strands

____ response is a inducible repair system that is used to repair excessive damage that halts replication, which leaves many gaps

Answer 8

1. photoreactivation
2. recombinational
3. SOS response

Question 9

Mutants are subject to selective pressure. Each mutant that survives _____ is created from an alternate form of a gene

______ is the process in which one or more nucleic acids are rearranged or combined to produce a new genotype

_______ is the transfer of genes from parents to progeny

Answer 9

1. allele
2. Recombination
3. Vertical gene transfer

Question 10

_______ transfers genes from one independent mature organism to the other

_______ can transfer genes to the same or different species

Answer 10

1. horizontal gene transfer
2. horizontal gene transfer

Question 11

Horizontal gene transfer methods:

______- DNA that is transferred to recipient

______- Genome of recipient

______- Recipient cell that is temporarily diploid as result of transfer process

Answer 11

1. Exogenote

2.Endogenote

3. Merozygote

Question 12

The most common recombination is ______

______ recombination is important in insertion of viral genome into host chromosomes

Transposable elements are segments of DNA that move about the genome in a process called _______

____________ is when the original transposon remains at parental site in DNA copy is inserted in target DNA

Bacterial Plasmids are small, autonomously _____________ molecules and can exist ______ host chromosome

Answer 12

1. homologous
2. site-specific
3. transposition
4. Original Transposon
5. replicating DNA, without

Question 13

_______ contain information for formation of sex pilus

_______ have insertion sequences (IS) which assist in plasmid integration

when it comes to DNA transfer using F pilus, it is ________

Answer 13

1. F-Factor
2. F-factor
3. undirectional

Question 14

Donor HFr cell has a ________ integrated into its chromosome

F’ Conjugation results when F factor _________

Answer 14

1. F-factor
2. incorrectly leaves the host chromosome

Question 15

_______ is virus-mediated DNA transfer

_______ is the transfer of bacterial genes by viruses

________ genes are resistance genes that exist in nature to protect antibiotic producing microbes from their own antibiotics

______ transfers immunity genes from antibiotic producers to non-producing microbes

Resistance genes can be found on _______, ______, _______ , and other mobile genetic elements

When found on mobile genetic elements, they can be ________ ______ between bacteria

Answer 15

1. Transduction
2. Transduction
3. immunity genes
4. horizontal gene transfer
5. Bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, transposons
6. freely exchanged