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Microbiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

A

Means to live together

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2
Q

Mutualism
Commensalism
Amensalism
Parasitism

A

Mutualism - organism one and two benefit, an example is bacteria in the human colon

Commensalism - benefits organism one and organisms two is neither benefited or harmed, example is mites in the human hair follicles

Amensalism - organism one is harmed and organisms two is neither benefited or harmed. Example is fungus secreting an antibiotic,
inhibiting nearby bacteria

Parasitism - benefits organism one and organism two is harmed. Example is tuberculosis or bacteria in the human lung

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3
Q

Symbiotic relationships between microbes and their hosts

A

Microbiome of humans
- organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease
- also termed normal microbiota, normal flora, and indigenous microbiota
- two types are:
- resident microbiota
- transient microbiota

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4
Q

What do microbiomes do for us?

A
  • metabolic/nutritional/energy utilization
  • competitive exclusion of pathogens
    - block pathogens from growing in our bodies
  • help our immune systems develop properly
    - inflammatory response
    - T-cell regulation
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5
Q

What are ways that organisms can change and grow in the body

A

Generally the environment, but more exclusively:
- pH
- temperature
- oxygen
- diet
- our mother
- exposure to radiation
- moisture levels

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6
Q

Commensal microorganisms do what in the body

A

Commensal microorganisms assist the gut in digesting food and maintaining health

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7
Q

Major physiological processes - pH

A
  • Secretion of acid (HCl) - digestion of macromolecules -> pH of 2
  • continues digestion. Absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, water -> pH of 4-5
  • absorption of bile acids, vitamin B12 -> pH 7
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8
Q

What plays a huge role to our microbiome situation of our body

A

Our mother
- out mother changes the microbiome, the temperature, the foods and many other things

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9
Q

Critical timeframe for intervention

A

Placental transfer - - - - - —————> 1000 days
Breast - milk -> Bifidobacterium spp & lactobacillus spp
Before:
Formula -> Enterococci & enterobacteria

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10
Q

What do microbiomes do for us?

A
  • bacteria in out gut microbiome use enzymes that can help break down our ingested food more completely than our bodies can on their own
  • SCFAs give us 5-15% of energy requirements
  • food is broken down better, and more nutrients and energy are extracted
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11
Q

What can microbiomes do for us in regards to pathogens?

A
  • microbiomes can block pathogens from growing in our bodies
    - pathogens that make it past our other barriers to infection will need nutrients once inside our bodies
    - if our microbiome bacteria are using up those nutrients, then pathogens have a harder time surviving
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12
Q

What causes our microbiomes to change?
- what do we think happens
- list examples of the benefits of the microbiome.

A
  • antibiotics especially the broad-spectrum ones
  • our diet, if we change what we eat then our microbiome can change (going from high to low fat can cause a disregulation in the microbiome
  • when the body gets sick, the microbiome starts to change a break down. Infections by other microorganisms can start to change the body
  • changes in the environment: increased stress, or changed diet, lack of sleep
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13
Q

What the microbiome does for us

A
  • Helps to break down the metabolism and can help to teach the immune system. Can break down molecules so that the body can better use them in the metabolic processes.
  • it is in a block so that it can work as a defense mechanism to block bad things like pathogens. Acts as a physical barrier.
  • helps digestion by breaking down ingested food (Ie: fiber) so that the body can actually use it as energy.
  • Helps the immune system to determine what is good and bad. It trains the immune system
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14
Q

Reservoirs of infectious diseases in humans

A
  • most pathogens cannot survive for long outside their host
  • reservoirs of infections
    - sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection
  • three types of reservoirs
    - animal reservoirs
    - human carriers
    - nonliving reservoirs
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15
Q

Reservoirs of infectious diseases in humans
- animal reservoirs

A
  • zoonoses
    • diseases that naturally spread from animal host to humans
      Can acquire zoonoses through various routes:
      • direct contact with animals or its waste
      • eating animals
      • bloodsucking methods
  • humans are usually dead-end host to zoonotic pathogens (we don’t typically pass it back to animals but rather to other humans)
  • difficult to eradicate
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16
Q

What are some common zoonoses

A
  • bubonic plague
  • Ebola
  • Zika virus
  • lice
  • Mad Cow disease
  • lime disease
  • tick fever
  • Rabies
  • COVID
  • Malaria
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17
Q

Reservoirs of infectious diseases of humans
- nonliving reservoirs

A
  • soil, water, and food can be reservoirs of infection
    • the presence of microorganisms often due to contamination by feces or urine
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18
Q

Reservoirs of infectious diseases of humans
- human carriers

A
  • asymptomatic infected individuals can be infective to others
  • some individuals eventually develop illness, while others never get sick
  • healthy carriers may have defensive systems that can protect them
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19
Q

The invasion and establishment of microbes in hosts: infection
- exposure to microbes: contamination and infection

A
  • contamination
    - the mere presence of microbes in or on the body
    - infection
    - when an organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body
20
Q

The invasion and establishment of microbes in hosts: infection
- the role of adhesion in infection

A
  • adhesion
    • process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells
    • required to establish colonies successfully within the host
    • uses adhesion factors
      - specializes structures
      - attachment molecules
21
Q

The nature of infectious disease

A
  • infection is the invasion of the host by a pathogen
  • disease results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions
  • disease is also referred to as morbidity
22
Q

That nature of infectious disease:
- causation of disease: etiology

A
  • the study of the cause of the disease
  • disease that have various causes
23
Q

Where does adhesion come in with infectious material

A
  • if there is no point of attachment there is no place for the microbe to attach to
    - if the microbe can attach somewhere it is more likely to be able to adhere to the host cell and infect it
24
Q

What does the microbe attach to

A

The microbe attaches to the receptor. The microbe has what is called a ligand which is the adhesion factor that connects the microbe to the receptor (glycoprotein) which adheres to the cell

25
Q

manifestations of disease

A

Symptoms, signs, and syndromes
- symptoms
- subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
- signs
- objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others
- syndromes
- symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or an abnormal condition
- asymptomatic, or subclinical, infections that lack symptoms but may still have signs of infection

26
Q

the nature of infectious disease: etiology

A

Causation of disease: etiology
- etiology
- study of the cause of the disease
- disease have various causes

27
Q

The stages of infectious disease

A
  • the disease process occurs following infection. Many of the infectious diseases have five stages following interaction
    • incubation period -> onset of infection no signs or symptoms
    • prodromal period -> experience vague, general symptoms
    • illness -> where the most severe signs and symptoms occur
    • decline -> when symptoms and signs start to decline
    • convalescence -> no signs or symptoms left
28
Q

modes of infectious disease transmission:

A
  • transmission is from a reservoir or a portal of exit to another host’s portal of entry
  • there are three groups of transmission
    • contact transmission
    • vehicle transmission
    • vector transmission
29
Q

contact transmission

A
  • direct contact transmission
    - usually involves body contact between hosts
    - transmission within a single individual can also occur
  • indirect contact transmission
    • pathogens are spread form host to host by fomites
  • droplet contact transmission
    • spread of pathogens in droplets of mucus by exhaling, coughing, and sneezing
30
Q

vehicle transmission

A

– Airborne transmission
▪ When pathogens travel more than 1 m via an
aerosol
▪ Aerosols can occur from various activities
– Waterborne transmission
▪ Important in the spread of many gastrointestinal
diseases
▪ Fecal-oral infection
– Foodborne transmission
– Bodily fluid transmission

31
Q

epidemiology

A
  • The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
  • Epidemiologists:
    –Determine etiology of a disease
    –Identify other important factors concerning the spread of disease
    –Develop methods for controlling a disease
    –Assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of disease
32
Q

epidemiology of infectious diseases

A
  • Frequency of Disease
    – Disease occurrence tracked using two measures
    ▪ Incidence
    – Number of new cases of a disease in a given
    area during a given period of time
    ▪ Prevalence
    – Number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time
    – Occurrence also evaluated in terms of frequency and geographic distribution
33
Q

tracking disease in the population

A

Reportable or notifiable diseases:
* Certain diseases must be reported to authorities
* Other diseases are reported on a voluntary basis
* A network of individuals and agencies at the local, district, state, national, and international levels keeps track of infectious diseases

34
Q

Epidemiological studies

A

– Descriptive epidemiology
▪ Careful tabulation of data concerning a disease
– Record location and time of the cases of
disease
– Collect patient information
▪ Try to identify the index
case of the disease

35
Q

healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)

A
  • Acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility
    – Also known as nosocomial infections
  • Affect 1 in 25 hospital patients
  • 2 million per year infected;
    20,000 deaths
36
Q

Circumstances make HAIs unavoidable

A

Factors tied to healthcare-associated infections:
*Compromised patients
*Collection point for pathogens
*Lowered defenses permit normal biota to enter the body.
*Infections acquired directly or indirectly from fomites, medical equipment, other patients, medical personnel, visitors, air, and water

37
Q

healthcare can increase the likelihood of infectious agent transfer

A

Healthcare processes that lead to healthcare-associated infections:
* Treatments using reusable instruments such as respirators and thermometers
* Indwelling devices such as catheters, prosthetic heart valves, grafts, drainage tubes, and tracheostomy tubes form ready
portals of entry
* High proportion of the hospital population receives antimicrobial therapy, so drug-resistant microbes are selected
for at a much higher rate

38
Q

most common HAIs

A

Most common HAIs include pneumonia, gastrointestinal illness, urinary
tract infections, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections
Five common hospital pathogens:
* Clostridioides difficile: GI infections
* Staphylococcus aureus: pneumonia, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections
* Klebsiella species: surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, pneumonia
* Escherichia coli: urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections
* Enterococcus species: surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections

39
Q

epidemiology of infectious disease

A
  • Hospital Epidemiology: Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial)Infections
    – Control of healthcare associated infections
    ▪ Requires aggressive control measures
    ▪ Handwashing is the most effective way to reduce healthcare-associated infections
40
Q

What is an example of trying to avoid contact transmission

A
  • during COVID when all surfaces were disinfected with an alcohol spray between classes
  • not being able to pass things from hand to hand curing pandemics because it could pass the disease
41
Q

Outbreak

A

Sudden increases in occurrences of a diseases in a particular time and place

42
Q

Endemic

A
  • constant maintained increase in occurrences of a disease in a geographic area
43
Q

Epidemic

A
  • a rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time
44
Q

Pandemic

A
  • spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents, or worldwide
45
Q

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

A
  • collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States
  • Publishes Morbidity and Mortality weekly report (MMWR)
46
Q

Define the following:
Morbidity
Mortality

A

Morbidity: incidence of a specific notifiable disease
Mortality: deaths from notifiable diseases

Microbiology (23 decks)

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