Chapter 11 Flashcards
Back/Torso (37 cards)
Vertebral column
- Cervical (neck) C1-C7
- Thoracic (12 pairs of ribs) T1-T12
- Lumbar (lower back) L1-L5
- Sacral (5 fused vertebrae) S1-S5
- Coccygeal (3-4 bones)
Vertebral Curvatures
- Primary Curvature (kyphotic)
C-shaped curve in a thoracic region of our vertebral column. - Secondary Curvature (lordotic)
This curve comes after the primary curve during growing. Or basically development in the cervical and lumbar region
Scoliosis
S-shaped curve, usually this curve goes towards the right
This causes scapula rise up higher then the other
Facet joint (Zygapophyseal joint)
Articulation between inferior articular facet and superior articular facet
- this is synovial type joint that allows flexion and extension between vertebrae
- Actions: bending and straightening your back
Intervertebral disc
- between vertebral bodies
- absorbing compression you putting weight on the trunk of the body
- the annulus fibrosus (an outer rim of dense fibrocartilage)
- the nucleus pulposus (a central gelatinous pulpy substance)
Vertebral canal
Protects the spinal cord
Lordosis
Increased posterior concavity of the lumbar and cervical curves
Kyphosis
Increased anterior concavity of the normal thoracic curve
Lumbar kyphosis
Reduction of the normal lordotic curve, resulting in a flat-back
Atlantooccipital joint (Craniovertebral joint)
- the first joints in the axial skeleton
- synovial tupe joint
- formed by the occipital condyles of the skull sitting on the articular fossae of the vertebra
- allows 20 degrees of capital flexion and 10 degrees of extension (or flexion/extension of the head on the neck)
- 5 degrees of lateral flexion
Atlantoaxial joint
- formed by the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2)
- pivot-type joint
- the most rotation within the cervical region occurs in this joint
Anterior longitudinal ligament
- runs the entire length if the spine from the base of the skull to the sacrum
- attaches to the anterior surface of each vertebral body
Posterior longitudinal ligament
- runs from the axis to the sacrum
- located inside the vertebral canal
- attaches on the posterior vertebral bodies
Interspinous ligaments
connect the spinous processes
Intertransvers ligaments
connect the transverse processes
Supraspinous ligament
connects the tips of the spinous processes of the remaining vertebrae
Lumbar lordosis
flat-back syndrome results in increased pressure on the lumbar disk and chronic low back pain
Deep back muscles (Intrinsic/ paraspinal/ epaxial)
- true back muscles
- support and move the vertebral column
- innervated by the dorsal remi
Superficial back muscles
- upper limb muscles
- support and move the upper limb muscles
- innervated by the ventral rami
Deep back muscles
- Splenius muscles
- Erector spinae muscles
- Transversospinalis muscles
Splenius muscles
Primarily responsible for extension of the head and neck
Innervation: the posterior lateral branches of C4 through C8
- Splenius capitis muscle
- Splenius cervicis muscle
Splenius capitis muscle
Origin: lower half of the ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of the seventh cervical and upper three or four thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: mastoid process and occipital bone
Actions:
- extension of the head
- extension of the neck
- right side: rotation and lateral flexion of the right of the head and cervical spine
- left side: rotation and lateral flexion of the left of the head and cervical spine
Splenius cervicis muscle
Origin: spinous processes of the third through sixth thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: transverse processes of the first three cervical vertebrae
Actions:
- extension of the neck
- right side: rotation and lateral flexion of the right of the head and cervical spine
- left side: rotation and lateral flexion of the left of the head and cervical spine
Erector spinae muscles
- Iliocostalis muscle
- Longissimus muscle
- Spinalis muscle
Actions:
- keep your spine erect (posture)
- vertebral extension
- lateral vertebral flexion (наклон в сторону)
Innervation: the posterior branches of the spinel nerves