Chapter 11

Question 1

First Estate: Clergy, 130,000 people, owned 10% of land, exempt from taille
Second Estate: nobility, 350,000 people, 25-30% people, held many leading positions in the government, military, law courts, and higher church offices, exempt from taille
Third Estate: the commoners of society divided by vast differences in occupation, level of education, and wealth: peasants (75-80% of total population, held 35-40% of land), wage earners (craftspeople, shopkeepers), bourgeioisie: middle class, 8% of population (2.3 million people), owned 20-25% of land

Answer 1

The 3 Estates

Question 2

representatives from the 3 orders of French society. First - 300, Second - 300, Third - 600.

Answer 2

Estates-General

Question 3

the meeting of the Third Estate that drafted a new constitution. The doors were locked to their meeting place causing them to meet until they had produced a French constitution and they swore the Tennis Court Oath.

Answer 3

National Assembly

Question 4

the king during the time of the French Revolution. He was overthrown and then beheaded by the National Convention.

Answer 4

Louis XIV

Question 5

the wife of Louis XIV. She was known for her extravagance. She was beheaded during the French Revolution.

Answer 5

Marie Antoinette

Question 6

this declaration proclaimed freedom and equal rights for all men, access to public office based on ability, and ended exemptions from taxations. All citizens had the right to take part in the making of laws. Freedom of speech and press were affirmed.

Answer 6

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Question 7

a radical group that took over Paris after the National Assembly. Many of its members called themselves sans-culottes. Many of the members were merchants and better-off artisans who were the elite of their neighborhoods. They favored radical change and put constant pressure on the National Convention to make more radical changes.

Answer 7

Paris Commune

Question 8

“without breeches,” members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of fine knee-length breeches)

Answer 8

san-culottes

Question 9

the minister of justice for the National Convention. He led the sans-culottes who sought revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted the popular will. Thousands of people were executed and then massacred. He was also the first leader of the Committee of Public Safety.

Answer 9

George Danton

Question 10

a leader of the people, published a radical journal called Friend of the People.

Answer 10

Jean-Paul Marat

Question 11

Second leader of the Committee of Public Safety. He became very powerful and obsessed with ridding France of all of its corrupt elements. Members of the National Convention feared Robespierre and gathered enough votes to condemn him. He was beheaded in 1794.

Answer 11

Maximilien Robespierre

Question 12

a large network of political groups throughout France

Answer 12

Jacobins

Question 13

They represented the provinces, areas outside of the city. They feared radical mobs in Paris and leaned toward keeping the king alive.

Answer 13

Girondins

Question 14

They represented the interests of radicals in the city of Paris.

Answer 14

The Mountain

Question 15

a Girondin who stabbed Jean-Paul Marat to death in his bathtub.

Answer 15

Charlotte Corday

Question 16

the government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government

Answer 16

consulate

Question 17

the most important of the seven codes of law created by Napoleon. This code preserved most of the gains of the revolution by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, the right of the individual to choose a profession, religious toleration, and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism. Property rights were carefully protected and the interests of employers were safe-guarded by outlawing trade unions and strikes.

Answer 17

Napoleonic Code

Question 18

a prominent writer of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras in France. During the Reign of Terror, she helped friends escape France. She also left France but returned in 1795. At first, she supported Napoleon but then clashed with him repeatedly. She said that Napoleon’s rule was tyrannical. Napoleon banned her books in France and exiled her to the German states.

Answer 18

Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël

Question 19

Napoleon’s empire which included the French empire, dependent states, and allied states.

Answer 19

Grand Empire

Question 20

kingdoms under the rule of Napoleon’s relatives. Examples were Spain, Holland, the kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the Confederation of the Rhine.

Answer 20

Dependent States

Question 21

states defeated by Napoleon and forced to join his struggle against Britain. Examples were Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden.

Answer 21

Allied States

Question 22

for about a year during 1793 and 1794, the Committee of Public safety took control. It decided to defend France from foreign and domestic threats. Revolutionary courts were set up to prosecute enemies of the revolution.

Answer 22

Reign of Terror

Question 23

a special committee of 12. It was first dominated by George Danton, then by Maximilien Robespierre. It was given power by the National Convention. It acted to defend France from foreign and domestic threats.

Answer 23

Committee of Public Safety

Question 24

a democratic republic of good citizens

Answer 24

Republic of Virtue

Question 25

5 directors elected by the House of Elders that acted as the executive committee. It was corrupt and relied on the military to keep its power. There was an overthrow of its power in 1799 led by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Answer 25

the Directory

Question 26

He dominated French and European history from 1799 to 1815. He was born in Corsica and studied at military school. He led the coup d’état that successfully overthrew the Directory. He became the first consul of France. He crowned himself emperor. He made peace with the Church and created the Civil Code. The liberty from the French Revolution was soon replaced with his despotism. He created the Grand Empire. He tried to invade Russia and failed. His last failure was in Waterloo where he was defeated by both British and Prussian forces. He was exiled to St. Helena.

Answer 26

Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 27

the hero of the Battle of Trafalgar

Answer 27

Admiral Nelson

Question 28

the British navy defeated a combined French-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar and destroyed any thought of an invasion of Britain.

Answer 28

Trafalgar

Question 29

led the British and Prussian army that defeated Napoleon’s forces at Waterloo

Answer 29

Duke of Wellington

Question 30

battle in which Napoleon’s Grand Army defeated the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian forces

Answer 30

Battle of Austerlitz

Question 31

site of Napoleon’s final defeat in which his forces were defeated by a combined British and Prussian army

Answer 31

Waterloo

Question 32

the goal of this system was to stop British goods from reaching the European continent to be sold there. By weakening Britain economically, Napoleon would destroy its ability to wage war.

Answer 32

Continental System

Question 33

Napoleon tried to invade Russia but Russian forces refused to give battle. They retreated for hundreds of miles. They burned villages and countryside to keep Napoleon’s forces from getting food. The Russians did stop to fight at Borodino and Napoleon’s forces won an indecisive and costly victory. When the Grand Army arrived in Moscow, it was on fire beginning the “Great Retreat” across Russia.

Answer 33

Russia

Question 34

an island off the coast of Tuscany that Napoleon was exiled to after his defeat in Russia

Answer 34

Elba

Question 35

a woman that wrote plays and pamphlets who refused to accept the exclusion of women from civil rights. She wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen. The National Assembly ignored this.

Answer 35

Olympe de Gouges

Question 36

when a mob of Parisians stormed the Bastille, an armory and prison in Paris, and dismantled it brick by brick.

Answer 36

Storming of the Bastille

Question 37

What were the causes of the French Revolution?

Answer 37

Economic disaster, bad leaders, starving peasants, wars, and the destruction of middle class

Question 38

Why did the revolution become increasingly radical?

Answer 38

The radicals gained power because they were the most ruthless. They gained the support of the mob.

Question 39

What were the factions of the revolution?

Answer 39

The Girondins who represented the provinces and feared the radical mobs in Paris and leaned toward keeping the king alive.
The Mountain who represented the interests of radicals in the city of Paris.

Question 40

List the phases of the revolution.

Answer 40

Moderate phase: 1789-1792
Radical phase: 1792-1795
Counter-revolutionary phase: 1795-1815

Question 41

Which faction seized control of this revolution?

Answer 41

The Mountain

Question 42

What were the goals and values that drove the radicals?

Answer 42

They wanted to establish a “Republic of Virtue”

Question 43

What were the ultimate results of the radical phase of the revolution?

Answer 43

The Directory, the Council of Elders, and the Council of 500 were made. Robespierre was executed. Following this, there was a coup d’état of the government and Napoleon took control.

Question 44

Why was this revolution unable to establish a stable prosperous democracy?

Answer 44

They did not understand democracy well enough and they were not well educated.

Question 45

What were the results of the revolution internationally, especially in Europe?

Answer 45

The Napoleonic Code is still the basis of many governments even today.

Question 46

Who was Napoleon?

Answer 46

He dominated French and European history from 1799 to 1815. He was born in Corsica and studied at military school. He led the coup d’état that successfully overthrew the Directory. He became the first consul of France. He crowned himself emperor. He made peace with the Church and created the Civil Code. The liberty from the French Revolution was soon replaced with his despotism. He created the Grand Empire. He tried to invade Russia and failed. His last failure was in Waterloo where he was defeated by both British and Prussian forces. He was exiled to St. Helena.

Question 47

How did Napoleon gain power?

Answer 47

He was the leader of the coup d’état and was declared the first consul of the French empire and later crowned himself the Emperor.

Question 48

What reforms did Napoleon enact?

Answer 48

recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, the right of the individual to choose a profession, religious toleration, and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism. Property rights were carefully protected and the interests of employers were safe-guarded by outlawing trade unions and strikes.

Question 49

What aspects of Napoleon’s character were the source of his great successes and his ultimate downfall?

Answer 49

He was arrogant and believed he was always right.

Question 50

What were the long term effects of the Napoleonic era on European and World History?

Answer 50

The Napoleonic code is still the basis for many European countries’ governments.

Question 51

List and discuss some of Napoleon’s great domestic successes.

Answer 51

He increased equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom. He made getting jobs based on ability. He created the Napoleonic Code and other codes of law. He also created a new bureaucracy.

Question 52

List and discuss Napoleon’s greatest military successes.

Answer 52

He defeated Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden.

Question 53

List and discuss the downfall of Napoleon.

Answer 53

He tried to invade Russia and failed and was exiled to Elba. His downfall came at Waterloo when his troops were attacked by a combined British and Prussian army led by the Duke of Wellington. He was exiled to St. Helena.