Chapter 7

Question 1

the political leader of Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty. He converted France to Catholicism despite being a Protestant previously. He was crowned king in 1594. He issued the Edict of Nantes which made Catholicism the national religion of France but it also gave Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy political privileges (holding public offices, etc.)

Answer 1

Henry of Navarre

Question 2

the Dutch prince of Orange who resisted the rule of the Spanish. The struggle went on until 1609. It ended with a 12-year truce. The northern provinces called themselves the United Provinces of the Netherlands and became the core of the modern Dutch state. It became known as the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.

Answer 2

William the Silent

Question 3

the successor of Elizabeth I (ended the Tudor dynasty). Began the Stuart line of rulers. He was the cousin of Elizabeth I. He was the king of Scotland and then the king of England. He was a believer in the divine right of kings.

Answer 3

James I

Question 4

supporters of the king of England during the civil war of 1642 (also known as Royalists)

Answer 4

Cavaliers

Question 5

the brother of Charles II. He succeeded Charles II. He was a Catholic and made religion a cause of conflict between the king and Parliament again. Parliament objected to James II policies, but they thought he would be succeeded by one of his two Protestant daughters but he had a son that was Catholic.

Answer 5

James II

Question 6

a Russian noble

Answer 6

boyar

Question 7

laid the foundation for the Prussian state. He built a large, efficient standing army (40,000 men and the fourth largest in Europe) since Prussia was a small, open territory with no natural frontiers for defense. He set up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth. It soon became an agency for the civil government as well. It became the elector’s chief instrument in governing the state. Its officials were member of the Prussian landed aristocracy known as the Junkers. They served as officers in the army.

Answer 7

Frederick William the Great Elector

Question 8

rights with which someone is born with. These include the rights to life, liberty, and property.

Answer 8

natural rights

Question 9

a dramatist of the Elizabethan Era. He is best known for writing plays, but he also was an actor and a shareholder in the chief theater company of the time, the Lord Chamberlain’s Men. He was a master of the English language and human psychology.

Answer 9

William Shakespeare

Question 10

a Spanish writer. His novel Don Quixote has been hailed as one of the greatest literary works of all time.

Answer 10

Miguel de Cervantes

Question 11

Louis XIV established his royal court here. The court functioned as his personal household, a place for the chief offices of the state, and the place were powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for themselves.

Answer 11

Versailles

Question 12

written by Miguel de Cervantes. The 2 main characters in this novel were a knight from La Mancha named Don Quixote and the knight’s fat and earthy squire. Don Quixote is someone who does not accept harsh realities, but his squire is a realist. Each of the characters comes to see the value of each other’s perspective.

Answer 12

Don Quixote

Question 13

officially ended the Thirty Years’ War in Germany in 1648. All European countries except England were involved. France became the dominant nation in Europe. It stated that all German states, including Calvinist ones, could determine their own religion. This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire. Germany would not be united for 200 years.

Answer 13

Peace of Westphalia

Question 14

set forth Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes. It also gave Parliament the power to raise a standing army, making it impossible for the king to do so or for him to oppose. The right of citizens to keep arms and have a jury trial were confirmed. It helped to create a system based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament. It laid the foundation for a limited monarchy.

Answer 14

Bill of Rights

Question 15

the Spanish navy

Answer 15

Spanish Armada

Question 16

made Catholicism the national religion of France but it also gave Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy political privileges (holding public offices, etc.) Issued by Henry of Navarre.

Answer 16

Edict of Nantes

Question 17

became Queen of England in 1558. Under her reign, England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire. A new Act of Supremacy made her the governor of church and state. The Church of England was Protestant but was tolerant to Catholicism. She tried to keep Spain and France from becoming too powerful by supporting whichever was weaker.

Answer 17

Elizabeth Tudor

Question 18

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.

Answer 18

divine right of kings

Question 19

Protestants in England inspired by the Calvinist ideas. They wished to make the church of England more Protestant. They formed a significant part of the House of Commons.

Answer 19

Puritans

Question 20

supporters of Parliament during the civil war in 1642

Answer 20

Roundheads

Question 21

a system in which a ruler holds total power

Answer 21

absolutism

Question 22

declared himself the absolute ruler of France. He called himself the Sun King. He controlled the central policy-making machinery of government. He established the royal court at Versailles. He controlled foreign policy, the Church, and taxes. He wanted to get rid of Huguenots in France. He waged four wars and left France with great debts and surrounded by enemies.

Answer 22

Louis XIV

Question 23

first ruler to take the title of czar (Russian word for caesar). He expanded Russia’s territory and limited the nobles power. He committed ruthless deeds to earn the title “Ivan the Terrible.” A period of anarchy followed his dynasty called the Time of Troubles.

Answer 23

Ivan the Terrible

Question 24

an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation.

Answer 24

mannerism

Question 25

from the island of Crete. He studied in Venice and Rome, then moved to Spain. He painted using elongated and contorted figures, portraying them in unusual shades of yellow and green against an eerie background of grays. The mood he depicts reflects the tensions caused by religions during the Reformation.

Answer 25

El Greco (“the Greek”)

Question 26

wrote about 1500 plays. They have been characterized as witty, charming, action-packed, and realistic. He wrote his plays to please audiences and satisfy public demand.

Answer 26

Lope de Vaga

Question 27

he wrote Leviathan and expressed his belief that for society to be organized absolute power by one ruler was necessary.

Answer 27

Thomas Hobbes

Question 28

made Elizabeth I the governor of both church and state in England

Answer 28

Act of Supremacy

Question 29

members of the Prussian landed aristocracy

Answer 29

Junkers

Question 30

this act granted Puritans, not Catholics, the right of free public worship in England.

Answer 30

Toleration Act of 1689

Question 31

French Protestants that were influenced by John Calvin. They made up only 7% of the total French population but 40-50% of French nobility.

Answer 31

Huguenots

Question 32

absolutist ruler of Spain. Tried to invade England and failed. He made all of Spain Catholic.

Answer 32

Phillip the II

Question 33

rising prices

Answer 33

inflation

Question 34

a republic

Answer 34

commonwealth

Question 35

the son and succeeder of James I. He believed in the divine right of kings. Parliament passed a petition that prohibited the passing of taxes without Parliament’s consent. He tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England

Answer 35

Charles I

Question 36

a military genius who helped Parliament due to his New Model Army. It was made up of extreme Puritans known as the Independents, they believed they were doing battle for God. His soldier were well-disciplined and trained in the new military tactics of the seventeenth century. He got rid of Parliament members that did not support the New Model Army.

Answer 36

Oliver Cromwell

Question 37

Louis XIII’s chief minister. He strengthened the power of the monarchy. Took away Huguenots’ political and military rights. He crushed conspiracies against the government and executed the conspirators.

Answer 37

Cardinal Richelieu

Question 38

He ended the Time of Troubles in Russia after the national assembly (Zemsky Sobor) chose him as the new czar in 1613. The Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917.

Answer 38

Micheal Romanov

Question 39

an artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements.

Answer 39

Baroque

Question 40

Italian architect and sculptor of the baroque period. He completed the Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome. He also make The Throne of Saint Peter and it is a highly decorated cover for the pope’s medieval wooden throne.

Answer 40

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Question 41

He wrote a political work called Two Treatises of Government in 1690. He argued against the absolute rule of one person. He believed that humans had natural rights (life, liberty, and property.) He believed that people agreed to a government to protect their natural rights. In this system, the government protected the rights of the people and the people would act reasonably to the government. If the government failed to protect the people’s rights they had a right to form a new government.

Answer 41

John Locke

Question 42

when a group of English noblemen invited the Dutch leaders William and Mary of Orange to invade England. They raised an army and in 1688 “invaded” England while James fled to France. This “invasion” caused almost no bloodshed earning the name the Glorious Revolution.

Answer 42

Glorious Revolution

Question 43

written by Thomas Hobbes. A work on political thought published in 1651. He says that before society was organized human life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” To save themselves they formed a social contract and agreed to form a state. People agreed to be ruled by an absolute ruler with unlimited power. Rebellion must be suppressed. This expressed the idea that absolute power is necessary to keep a society organized.

Answer 43

Leviathan

Question 44

the controller-general of finances for Louis XIV. He sought to increase the wealth and power of France using mercantilism. He granted subsidies to new industries to decrease imports and increase exports. He built roads and canals to improve communications and the transportation of goods. He raised tariffs on foreign goods and created a merchant marine to carry French goods.

Answer 44

Jean-Baptist Colbert

Question 45

Why did absolutism never develop in England?

Answer 45

Absolutism never developed in England because Parliament always had the power of taxation (power of the purse).

Question 46

Why did some nations have more trouble unifying than others?

Answer 46

Some nations had more trouble unifying than others because of religious disputes, nobles that did not want to relent power to the king, war, revolutions, and the controversy over the divine right of kings.

Question 47

What are some of the positive and negative effects of absolutism?

Answer 47

Some of the positive effects of absolutism were the ruler could unify a nation, they controlled policy-making, they could cause a time of great prosperity, could easily pass acts to help the country, could more easily make alliances, could create colonies. The disadvantages were the ruler could decide the religion and it could cause conflict, and they could show favoritism to some people and make things unfair.

Question 48

Who fought in the English Civil War? Who won? Why were they fighting?

Answer 48

The English Civil War was between the Roundheads (who supported Parliament) and the Royalists (who supported the king). The Royalists won due to the strategy of Oliver Cromwell. They fought over whether Parliament or the king should hold more power.

Question 49

Describe commonwealth. Why did it ultimately fail? What is the great irony of it?

Answer 49

Commonwealth means a republic. It ultimately failed because Oliver Cromwell found it difficult to work with the Rump Parliament. He then set up a military dictatorship. The irony was that the Roundheads led by Cromwell fought to remove the king from having too much power and becoming a dictator but Cromwell became a dictator anyway.

Question 50

How did Henry of Navarre create a temporary peace between Protestants and Catholic forces in France?

Answer 50

Henry of Navarre created a temporary peace between Protestant and Catholic forces in France by issuing the Edict of Nantes which recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but gave Huguenots the right to worship freely and have all political privileges that Catholics had.

Question 51

Describe the Thirty Years’ War

Answer 51

The Thirty Years’ War was fought between Calvinists and Catholics. Although, religion was the reason they used it was really about politics. All European powers were involved but England. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended this war. It said that all German states could determine their own religion. It brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 52

Why did Cardinal Richelieu back Sweden instead of Spain?

Answer 52

Politics motivated Cardinal Richelieu to throw France’s support behind the Protestant Sweden instead of Catholic Spain. It shows that religion was not at the center of his motives but politics and a want for power was.

Question 53

What did Gustavus Adolphus do that is important to history?

Answer 53

Gustavus Adolphus encouraged discipline which made Sweden’s army very powerful. He created the model for modern armies. He created a standing army (their job was to be in the army so they were more disciplined.)

Question 54

Describe the English Restoration

Answer 54

The English Restoration was the restoration of the monarchy after Cromwell ruled. It put Charles II, but he was a Catholic and wanted absolute power causing problems between him and Parliament.

Question 55

Describe Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin’s careers and how they are great examples of Machiavellian rulers

Answer 55

Cardinal Richelieu strengthened Louis XIII’s power, took away the Huguenots political and military rights, tamed the nobles and executed conspirators. Cardinal Mazarin took control of the government while Louis XIV was too young. He crushed a revolt by the nobles. By the end of this revolt, many people felt that a strong monarch was needed to keep stability in France. They were great examples of Machiavellian rulers because they took whatever measures necessary (without morals) to get power.

Question 56

Describe how Prussia and Austria emerged and tell what trouble the Hapsburg rulers faced

Answer 56

After the Holy Roman Empire was divided into states, Prussia emerged under Frederick William the Great Elector. He built a large and efficient standing army and set up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth. The Hapsburg rulers faced the problem that the monarchy never became highly centralized because it was made up of many different national groups.

Question 57

Tell how Russia became an absolutist monarchy

Answer 57

Russia became an European Absolutist monarchy after Peter the Great visited western Europe and claimed the divine right of kings.

Question 58

Compare and contract the art of mannerism and baroque

Answer 58

Mannerism was an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation. They used elongated figures to show suffering, heightened emotions, and religious ecstasy. Baroque was an artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements. There is more movement in baroque art, while mannerism art is more controlled. Baroque art is also more realistic than mannerism.

Question 59

Why was this era known as a golden age in both British and Spanish literature?

Answer 59

This era is called the Golden Age of British and Spanish literature because it was recognized as a highpoint in literature, drama, poetry, and other vernacular literature in both countries.

Question 60

Make a table comparing and contrasting Locke and Hobbes theories on government

Answer 60

Locke: Peoples’ lives were generally good before political organization. Believed people have natural right. Believed that if the government does not protect peoples rights than they have a right to revolt
Hobbes:Peoples’ lives were bad before political organization. People agreed to be ruled by an absolute ruler. Rebellion must be suppressed.
Both:Government was created to maintain order
Believed that without political organization society would not run well