Chapter 20 Review Sheet

Question 1

country that is economically and politically dependent on another country. The USSR had Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Romania

Answer 1

satellite state

Question 2

a plan to keep something, such as communism, within its existing geographical boundaries and preventing further aggressive moves. Based on the belief that communism has to spread or it will die on its own.

Answer 2

policy of containment

Question 3

building up armies and stores of weapons to keep up with an enemy. The arms’ race at this time was between the U.S. and USSR (they competed in many areas, not just weapons)

Answer 3

arms race

Question 4

security policy which holds that if 2 sides in a political conflict have huge arsenals of nuclear weapons, war can be prevented (only with rational countries)

Answer 4

deterrence

Question 5

idea that, if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also fall

Answer 5

domino theory

Question 6

the process of eliminating Stalin’s more ruthless policies

based on the belief that communism was a good philosophy, Stalin wasn’t a good communist

Answer 6

de-Stalinization

Question 7

a state in which the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services such as health care. Was a step closer to communism. A redistributive program and partial socialization of economy. Europe and the US participated in this (the US to a lesser degree), created a social safety net, provided some level of security so people wouldn’t want full blown communism

Answer 7

welfare state

Question 8

a group of nations with a common purpose (they wanted to win)

Answer 8

bloc

Question 9

the actual purchasing power of income (what affects it - taxes, cost of goods, rate of exchange)

Answer 9

real wages

Question 10

a society preoccupied with buying goods

Answer 10

consumer society

Question 11

known as the Common Market. It was a free-trade area made up of the 6 member nations. These nations would impose no tariffs on each other’s goods, but they would be protected by a tariff imposed on goods from non-EEC nations. This encouraged cooperation. All the member nations benefited economically.

Answer 11

EEC (European Economic Community)

Question 12

leader of a growing movement for racial equality. He led a march on Washington, D.C. to dramatize the African American desire for equality. He advocated the principle of passive disobedience practiced by Gandhi. They used civil disobedience (the refusal to comply with certain laws as a peaceful form of political protest.) They used modern communication technology. Led the Selma march, had sit-ins, and since others were violent he was very peaceful. He was an amazing speaker (this is why he is remembered as the leader even though there were others)

Answer 12

Martin Luther King Jr.

Question 13

He was a Texan congressman who became president after JFK was assassinated. He was blunt and related to the common people. He pursued the growth of the welfare state. His programs included health care for the elderly, various measures to combat poverty (Great Society Legislation), and federal assistance for education. He created the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. (Both parties voted for many of these policies)

Answer 13

Lyndon Johnson

Question 14

the youngest elected president in the history of the U.S. He was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Space Race all occurred during his presidency. He was very rich, picked LBJ because he was opposite to him, advocated for civil rights, takes next step in welfare state - great society legislation (eradicate poverty). Cut taxes after WWII

Answer 14

John Kennedy

Question 15

began de-Stalinization. He tried to place more emphasis on producing consumer goods and increasing industrial output. He was forced into retirement after his plan to put missiles in Cuba. Said Stalin was a bad guy and wanted to spread the communist ideology.

Answer 15

Nikita Khrushchev

Question 16

wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. It portrayed the life in a Siberian forced-labor camp. His book was used in the Cold War as evidence that communism was bad.

Answer 16

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Question 17

elected first secretary of the Communist Party. He introduced many reforms such as freedom of speech and press and the freedom to travel abroad. He relaxed censorship and pursued an independent foreign policy and promised a gradual democratization of Czechoslovakia. A period of euphoria broke out called the Prague Spring. This was ended when the Soviet Army invaded Czechoslovakia and returned the old order.

Answer 17

Alexander Dubcek

Question 18

a left-wing revolutionary who overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. The U.S. supplied him with resources at first and regretted it later after he became a dictator. He set up a Soviet supported totalitarian regime in Cuba.

Answer 18

Fidel Castro

Question 19

the U.S. secretary of state who proposed the Marshall Plan. It was designed to rebuild the prosperity and stability of war-torn Europe.

Answer 19

George C. Marshall

Question 20

created the Truman Doctrine that stated the U.S. would help (sometimes money sometimes other things) countries resisting Soviet expansion. Anti-communist.

Answer 20

Harry Truman

Question 21

had been the leader of the Soviet resistance movement in Yugoslavia. After the war, he wanted to create an independent Communist state in Yugoslavia (only communist state separate from USSR). He ruled Yugoslavia until his death.

Answer 21

Tito

Question 22

the Hungarian leader that declared Hungary a free nation in 1965 and promised free elections. This meant the end of Communist rule in Hungary. Khrushchev didn’t want this to happen so 3 days after Nagy’s declaration, the Soviet Army attacked Budapest. The Soviets reestablished control over Hungary. Nagy was seized by the Soviet Army and executed 2 years later.

Answer 22

Imre Nagy

Question 23

a war hero who helped establish a new government called the Fourth Republic. It had a strong parliament and a weak presidency. No party was strong enough to dominate, so the government was largely ineffective. He then withdrew from politics. He returned when asked to form a new government and reform the constitution. He drafted a new constitution for the Fifth Republic that gave the president the right to choose the prime minister, dissolve parliament, and supervise both defense and foreign policy. The constitution was approved and de Gaulle became the first president of the Fifth Republic. He wanted to return France to a position of great power. He invested heavily in nuclear arms. The economy began growing quickly and France became a major industrial producer and exporter. There were still many problems that eventually led to de Gaulle’s resigning.

Answer 23

Charles de Gaulle

Question 24

the leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as chancellor of West Germany. He cooperated with the Western powers and sought respect for
West Germany. West Germany experienced an “economic miracle” that was guided by the minister of finance, Ludwig Erhard.

Answer 24

Konrad Adenauer

Question 25

the new prime minister of Great Britain. He was a member of the Labour Party which promised reforms especially in the area of social welfare. He set out to create a welfare state. The new government passed the National Insurance Act and the National Health Service Act. The cost of building a welfare state forced Britain to reduce expenses abroad which led to the dismantlement of the British Empire. Moved Britain closer to socialism.

Answer 25

Clement Attlee

Question 26

the senator of Wisconsin. He helped to create a massive “Red Scare” - fear of communist subversion. He questioned many intellectuals and movie stars about their Communist activities. He attacked “Communist conspirators” in the U.S. Army he was condemned by the Senate (McCarthyism-unfairly targeting someone) Many of his accusations were not wrong, but his tactics were.

Answer 26

Joseph McCarthy

Question 27

promised to end the war, so he reached an agreement with North Vietnam that allowed U.S. troops to withdraw; therefore, not stopping the communists in North Vietnam. He began a shift to the political right in American politics. He tried to play the communists. Resigned before he could be impeached. Gerald Ford pardoned him because it would be better for the country, but this made many people dislike him.

Answer 27

Richard Nixon

Question 28

What were the main reasons for the Cold War?

Answer 28

- Let Stalin "liberate" Eastern Europe - Nuclear technology - Belief that both sides cannot co-exist - Scared of appeasement because of what happened with hitler - The Truman Doctrine - This stated that the United States would provide money to countries, such as Greece, that were being threatened by Communist expansion. - The Marshall Plan - It was designed to rebuild the prosperity and stability of western Europe after WWII. A major part of the plan was rebuilding the economy of western Europe based on the belief that communist aggression was more successful in countries with economic problems. - The Division of Germany - Germany and Berlin were divided into 4 zones controlled by the U.S., Great Britain, the USSR, and France. The U.S., Great Britain, and France planned to unify their zones and create a West German government. To try to prevent this, the Soviets by mounting a blockade of West Berlin. The Western powers’ solution was the Berlin Airlift (supplies would be flow in by American and British airplanes). The Soviets eventually gave in and lifted the blockade. - The competition between the U.S. and the USSR (arms race, space race, Olympics, etc.)

Question 29

List and describe the 3 reasons for the Marshall Plan. Did it achieve its objectives?

Answer 29

Altruistic motivations - To restore the prosperity and stability of Western Europe Military and defensive - containment, To stop the spread of communism (countries with economic problems are more likely to agree to communism) Economic - strong markets there would benefit our market It accomplished its objectives.

Question 30

Describe the military dilemma created by the Cold War that led to our defeat in the Vietnam War.

Answer 30

- anti-war movement | - hard to justify war when justification was to help people (altruistic) but to win the war you had to kill them

Question 31

Describe socialism. Why was it enacted? What are its results?

Answer 31

Socialism is a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. It was enacted because there were major economic problems. It helps the economy significantly at first but then it starts going down.

Question 32

Why did the Berlin Wall become a symbol of the failure of the communist system? What were the other obvious signs that communism was a failure?

Answer 32

- The Berlin Wall showed that the “communist paradise” was having to keep people (people were dying to get out) in opposed to the opposite of countries like the U.S. who were having to consider lowering immigration rates. - Economically - West Germany (a democratic republic) was doing well, and East Germany (communist) was doing badly - There was civil unrest put down by military in tanks

Question 33

List three countries that were up after WWII and two that were down. Explain why.

Answer 33

Up: US (superpower both economically and militarily), USSR (superpower militarily not doing so well economically), Germany and Japan were up not militarily but economically India - resources, huge population Canada - small population, homogenous, socialist welfare state Down: Britain and France - they were losing money building a welfare state and rebuilding. Economies tank. Britain loses its empire and France loses control of its empire.

Question 34

Discuss three reasons why Germany and Japan recovered so rapidly from their defeat and quickly achieved economic prosperity.

Answer 34

The Marshall Plan - gave them significant amounts of money The people had a good work ethic and were well educated. The rebuilding gave their economies a boost. They didn't have to invest any money in defense since there were limits on their military and navy.

Question 35

Discuss two major social developments in the post war industrialized world.

Answer 35

The classes - more people joined the middle class, the lower class shifted from rural to urban, the wages of workers increased and allowed them to buy more. Women - Were given the right to vote, more women were joining and remaining in the work force, and the interest in the women’s liberation movement increased. (forced women into the work force by raising taxes to make them more independent) (equal access to education) Generation Gap - more visible and alarming Rejection of older generation's morals

Question 36

List and discuss at least three reasons for the rapid expansion of the middle class in post war United States.

Answer 36

New technology The shift from rural to urban Wages were increasing (Buying on credit allowed people to buy more but left many people in debt)

Question 37

the manufacture of large, heavy articles and materials in bulk. Machines were used to make other things, labor was cheaper in other countries so more white collar jobs were created.

Answer 37

heavy industry

Question 38

an association of European and North American countries, formed in 1949 for the defense of Europe and the North Atlantic against the perceived threat of Soviet aggression. By 2005, the alliance consisted of 26 countries, including several eastern European nations. NATO's purpose is to safeguard member countries by political and military means. It is a voluntary mutual alliance.

Answer 38

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (abbr.: NATO)

Question 39

a treaty of mutual defense and military aid signed at Warsaw on May 14, 1955, by communist states of Europe under Soviet influence, in response to the admission of West Germany to NATO. The pact was dissolved in 1991. It was involuntary and defensive and offensive.

Answer 39

Warsaw Pact

Question 40

doctrine that states that any nation that resists communism we will help because we believed in the domino theory

Answer 40

Truman Doctrine

Question 41

chancellor of West Germany and rebuilds it after the war

Answer 41

Konrad Adenauer

Question 42

tried the Nazis as war criminal. Many were executed. War criminals had not been prosecuted previously but since the orders they followed were inhumane people believed that they should have disobeyed.

Answer 42

Nuremberg Trials

Question 43

is defined as a family having been in poverty for at least two generations (means that if one generation is poor the next generation will be poor also)

Answer 43

generational poverty