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AP Human Geography > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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0
Q

Agglomeration

A

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources

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1
Q

Acid rain

A

Acid rain is rain that has been made acidic by certain pollutants in the air

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2
Q

Agglomeration economies

A

Economy in which like things are put together to their benefit all businesses. But bringing all people to one area increases congestion.

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3
Q

Bid rent theory

A

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

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4
Q

Break-of-bulk point

A

a location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets

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5
Q

Bulk gaining vs. bulk reducing

A

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs and an industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

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6
Q

Canadian industrial heartland

A

SE Ontario

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7
Q

Carrier efficiency

A

carrier efficiency the ratio of output to input for a given carrier

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8
Q

Comparative advantage

A

the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the lease ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists

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9
Q

Comparative advantage

A

the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers

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10
Q

Cottage industry

A

areas that are popular locations for recreational properties such as cottages or summer homes

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11
Q

Cumulative causation

A

the spiral buildup of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the development of external economies, agglomeration effects, and localization economies

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12
Q

Debt crisis

A

a situation in which payments on debt grow so large that countries cannot contine to pay off the debt

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13
Q

Deglomeration

A

The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.

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14
Q

Deindustrialization

A

loss of industrial activity in a region

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15
Q

Economic sector

A

in modern economics, there are four main sectors of economic activity: primary, secondary, tetiary, and quatinary

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16
Q

Economies of scale

A

cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high-volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output

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17
Q

Ecotourism

A

responsible travel that does not harm ecosystems or the well-being of local people

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18
Q

Energy resources

A

Natural resources that can be converted into energy

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19
Q

Entrepôt

A

a trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties

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20
Q

Export processing zone

A

Areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries

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21
Q

Fair trade movement

A

a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency, and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade

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22
Q

Fixed costs

A

Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

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23
Q

Footloose industry

A

industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms

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24
Fordism
the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods
25
Four tigers
The Four Tigers this refers to the economies of Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea
26
Global warming
a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants
27
Greenhouse effect
the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface
28
Growth poles
economic development, economic growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole (or cluster)
29
Heartland/rimland
Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest
30
Demographic transition model
Stage 1=Low growth, Stage 2=High Growth, Stage 3=Moderate Growth, and Stage 4=Low Growth. A country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time
31
Industrial location theory
in which an industry is located where the transportation costs of raw materials and final product is a minimum
32
Industrial revolution
The rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing that resulted after the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry in England at the end of the 18th century
33
Industry
the organized action of making of goods and services for sale
34
Infrastructure
the basic structure or features of a system or organization
35
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada
36
Postindustrial
of or relating to a society or economy marked by a lessened importance of manufacturing and an increase of services, information, and research
37
Refrigeration
the process of cooling or freezing (e.g., food) for preservative purposes
38
Resource orientation
tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources
39
Special economic zones
In 1979, the Chinese government set up these zones on the coast near Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses. They helped stimulate innovation and helped China grow economically
40
Substitution principle
In industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location
41
Time-space compression
the social and psycological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity
42
Topocide
The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed
43
ubiquitous
being present everywhere at once
44
Variable costs
expenses that change with the number of products produced
45
Alfred Weber
German Geographer, made model of how to understand industrial locations in regard to several factors (labor supply, markets, resource location, transpiration)
46
Least-cost location
model devolped by alfred weber,that, the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by 3 critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration. HINT: Alfred Weber is TAL. T: Transportation A: Agglomeration L: labor Costs
47
Rostow's development theory
a 5-stage model of the development in a society
48
Market economy
an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system
49
Micro-lending (Gramin bank)
the extension of very small loans (mircroloans) to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment and a verifiable credit history; it is designed not only to support entrpreneurship and alleviate poverty, but also in many cases to empower women and uplift entire communities by extension
50
Just-in-time-manufacturing
seeks to reduce inventories for the production process by purchasing inputs for arrival just in time to use and producing output just in time to sell
51
Manufacturing exports
a feature of economic development in peripheral countries whereby the host country establishes areas with favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements in order to attract foreign manufacturing operations
52
Marquiladora
factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US porder to take advantage of much lower labor costs
53
Multiplier effect
the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in a n activity. 1. In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and infrastructure growth. 2. In urban geography, the expected additional of non basic workers and dependents to a city's total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment.
54
Resource orientation
tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources
55
Specialized economic zones
(SEZ) - specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
56
Post fordism
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks
57
Situational factors
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory
58
Site factors
Site Factors Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital
59
Weight-gaining
If the end product weighs more than the raw materials
60
Weight-losing
End product weighs more than the raw materials
61
Pollution
pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source
62
Industrial regions
Industrial region or industrial area refers to a region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized
63
Industrial regions (fuel source)
a material used to produce heat or power by burning. Important when considering a industry's location.
64
Industrial regions (place)
Based on environmental considerations and the cost effectiveness of the location for the Industry
65
Major manufacturing regions
Eastern United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and East Asia. These regions are the leaders in inudstry and therefore significant to geography
66
Manufacturing exports
The products that are produced and shipped to another country. This is very common as production costs in other countries is often cheaper, which explains why a country would import a product rather than produce it themselves
67
Ozone depletion
The breakdown of the ozone layer caused by chlorofluorocarbon
68
Plant location
Minimizes in-process inventory by manufacturingon demand using quick communication and transportation. Importance: Very effective method of production, more so than Henry Ford's method
69
Resource crisis
Future shortages of non-renewable energy sources with increased demand, solvable by use of renewable energy. Importance: Worldwisde lack of resource in extremely high demand
70
Threshold/range
Market area of a service
71
Trade
Exchange between two or more parties of one entity or another
72
Transnational corporations
A corporation delivering serices to at least two countries
73
World cities
Cities that directly and significantly effect global affairs through socio-economic means, culture, and politics
74
International division of labor
transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries
75
Self-sufficiency
Way to develop that focuses on a country being able to provide for its own

AP Human Geography (12 decks)

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