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AP Human Geography > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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0
Q

Antarctica

A

A snow-covered continent that lies on the South Pole

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1
Q

Annexation

A

The entrance of a territory into a geo-political entity

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2
Q

Apartheid

A

A form of government that advocated racial segregation

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3
Q

Balkanization

A

A state begins to split up into smaller states

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4
Q

Buffer state

A

Small country in the middle of two larger states

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5
Q

Centrifugal

A

Forces that separate or divide a state

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6
Q

Centripetal

A

Forces that unify a state

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7
Q

Conference of Berlin (1884)

A

Regulated the amount of European colonization and African trade that was taking place in Africa

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8
Q

Core/periphery

A

Core are economically advanced countries. Periphery has a much less developed economy.

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9
Q

Capital

A

the city that is the seat of government of a state, nation, or province

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10
Q

City-state

A

a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland

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11
Q

Colonialism

A

attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

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12
Q

Core

A

the center, most important section of the city

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13
Q

Devolution

A

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

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14
Q

EEZ

A

Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources.

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15
Q

Frontier

A

A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.

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16
Q

Gerrymander

A

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

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17
Q

Imperialism

A

Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous so

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18
Q

Landlocked

A

a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea

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19
Q

Irredentism

A

a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country

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20
Q

Microstate

A

A state that encompasses a very small land area

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21
Q

Sovereignty

A

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

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22
Q

State

A

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs

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23
Q

Stateless nation

A

a nation of people that does not have a territory to legally occupy, like the Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques

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24
Territoriality
the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends its territory
25
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.
26
Unitary
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.
27
Boundary
an indivisible line marking the extent of a state's territory
28
Confederation
An alliance
29
Cultural boundary
boundaries between states that coincide with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion; another cultural boundary is drawn according to geometry
30
Decolonization
the action of changing from colonial to independent status
31
Enclave
a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory [Example: Lesotho]
32
Exclave
a territory legally or politically attached to another territory with which it is not politically contiguous [Example: Liberty Island]
33
Federal
an internal organization of that state that allocates most powers to units of local governments [Examples: United States, India, Brazil, Canada]
34
Geopolitics
relating to the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of states
35
Heartland theory
Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mckinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world
36
Meridian-line principle
an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.
37
Nation
a politically organized body of people under a single government
38
Nation state
a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
39
Reapportionment
to redistribute or reallocate
40
Self-determination
the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
41
Stateless
without a state or nationality
42
Supernationalism
a world or regional organization that is not tied to any one sovereign country [Example: World Bank]
43
Law of the Sea
defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources
44
Border landscape
There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border
45
Domino theory
the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
46
Electoral regions
The study of the interactions among space, place and region and the conduct and results of elections
47
Ethnic conflict
type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country
48
European Union
an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
49
Forward capital
capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention
50
Global commons
those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries
51
Immigrant states
States with alot of immigrants
52
Heartland theory
Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world Mackinder's Heartland (also known as the Pivot Area) is the core area of Eurasia, and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia).
53
Mini state
independent country that is very small in area and population
54
National iconography
the branch of art history which studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images
55
Raison d'être
phrase borrowed from French where it means simply "reason for being"; in English use it also comes to suggest a degree of rationalization, as "The claimed reason for the existence of something or someone"
56
Regionalism
loyalty to the interests of a particular region
57
Reunification
the act of coming together again
58
Satellite state
A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country
59
Suffrage
a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution
60
Territory
Land ownership
61
Territorial disputes
Any dispute over land ownership
62
Territorial morphology
a state's physical shape
63
United Nations
an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
64
Compact
a state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions
65
Fragmented
a state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts
66
Elongated
a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape
67
Perforated
A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state
68
Protruded
A type of territorial shape that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main body of the territory
69
Shatterbelt
an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
70
Religious conflicts
Conflict between nations for religious purposes
71
Nunavut
A territory of northern Canada including part of the mainland west of Hudson Bay and most of the Arctic Archipelago. Primarily inhabited and controlled by the Inuit, it was formed from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories in 1999
72
Women's enfranchisement
The right of voting when given to women
73
USSR collapse
Dec 1, 1991, a vote for independence in the Ukraine ( the most powerful republic)
74
Theocracy
the belief in government by divine guidance
75
Treaty ports
Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality
76
Manifest destiny
a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
77
Lebanon
an Asian republic at east end of Mediterranean
78
Israel/Palestine
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, or Arab-Israeli conflict, What makes this a particularly sensitive issue oftentimes, is due to the horrendous suffering the Jewish people suffered in (Christian) Europe during World War II, to the extent that (in the United States, anyway), any criticism of Israeli policies towards the Palestinian people and other Arabs, lends well to an automatic, unfavorable label of anti-Semetic. In the United States as well, the Jewish community is well established and has influence over many aspects of US foreign policy in the Middle East. In fact, some commentators suggest that US Zionism is more extreme that that seen in Israel itself sensitive issues that is discussed. The introduction section talks about the western involvement in the Middle East in general, that forms a backdrop to the situation between Palestine and Israel
79
Iron curtain
An impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy
80
Resource boundaries
When neighboring states have trouble with boundaries because of resources
81
International organization
an international alliance involving many different countries
83
Natural boundary
Rivers, mountains, oceans, deserts natural occurring barriers
84
Cultural boundary
Differences in culture separating two nations
85
Functional disputes
arise when neighboring states disagree over policies to be applied over a boundary

AP Human Geography (12 decks)

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