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AP Human Geography > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

CBD

A

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

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2
Q

City

A

An urban settlement that had been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit

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3
Q

Concentric zone model

A

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

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4
Q

Edge city

A

A large mode of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area

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5
Q

Gentrification

A

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area

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6
Q

Metropolitan statistical area

A

A central city of at least 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

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7
Q

Multiple nuclei model

A

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

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8
Q

Redlining

A

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries

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9
Q

Sector model

A

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the CBD

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10
Q

Squatter settlement

A

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

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11
Q

Underclass

A

A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics

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12
Q

agglomeration

A

a mass or collection of things; an assemblage

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13
Q

Census tract

A

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

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14
Q

Barriadas

A

Squatter settlements found in the periphery of Latin American cities

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15
Q

Bid-rent theory

A

How the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District increases

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16
Q

Blockbusting

A

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

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17
Q

Centrality

A

The functional dominance of cities within an urban system

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18
Q

Centralization

A

The process by which the activities of an organization

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19
Q

Central-place theory

A

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

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20
Q

Cityscapes

A

An urban landscape

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21
Q

Colonial city

A

Compared to older cities , colonial cities typically contain wider streets and public squares, lager houses, surrounded by gardens, and much lower density

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22
Q

Commercialization

A

The transfermation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity

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23
Q

Commuter zone

A

The fifth ring in the concentric zone model that is beyond the continuous built-up area of the city

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24
Q

Counterurbanization

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

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25
Decentralization
The process of dispersing desicion-making closer to the point of service or action
26
Early cities
Cities of the ancient world
27
Economic base
A commutity's collection of basic industries
28
Emerging city
City currently without much population but increasing in size at a fast rate
29
Employment structure
How the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary, and tertiary
30
Entrepôt
A trading center, or simply a trading warehouse where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties, often at a profit
31
Ethnic neighborhood
A neighborhood in which the people who live in there and share physical, mental, and cultural traits
32
Favela
The brazilian equivalent of a shanty-town, which are generally found on the edge of the city
33
Female-headed household
A household in which the most powerful person is a female
34
Festival landscape
A landscape of cultural festivities
35
Gateway city
Serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation
36
Gender
The social differences between men and women
37
Ghetto
During the middle ages, a nieghborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure
38
Globalization
The expansion of economic, poliical, and cultrural preocesses to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of globlalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales
39
Great cities
A city with a population of more then 1 million
40
High-tech corridors
Made up of thousands of high tech businesses and industries
41
Hinterland
The area surrounding a cental place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services
42
Hydraulic civilization
Any culture having an agricultural system that is dependent upon large-scale government-managed waterworks
43
Indigenous city
A center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a country
44
In-filling
The use of vacant land and property within a built-up area for further construction or development
45
Informal sector
The economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that governments GNP
46
Infrastructure
The fundenmental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, such as transprotation and communication systems, power plants, and schools
47
Inner city
Residental neighborhoods that surround the CBD
48
Invasion and succession
A model of change used in urban ecology to represent the effects of immigration on the social structure of an urban area
49
Lateral commuting
Commuting between two suburbs
50
Medieval cities
Cities that existed during the time frame of the middle ages
51
Megacities
A recognized metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people
52
Megalopolis/conurbation
An area of an adjacent metropolitan ares that overlap
53
Multiplier effect
The expansion of the money supply that results from a Federal Reserve System member bank's ability to lend significantly in excess of its reserves
54
Neighborhood
The area or region around or near some place or thing
55
Office park
An area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together
56
Peak land value intersection
The land within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce
57
Planned communities
Any community that was carfully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undevelped area
58
Postindustrial city
A city in which an economic transition has occured from a manufacturing based economy to a servicebased economy
59
Postmodern urban landscape
Attempts to reconnect people to place through its architecture, the preservation of historical buildings, the re-emergence of mixed land uses and connections among developments
60
Primate city
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement
61
Racial steering
Refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
62
Rank-size rule
A pattern of settlement in a country
63
Restrictive covenants
Provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person of a particular race or religion; loan discrimination; ruled unconstitutional
64
Segregation
The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group
65
Settlement form (nucleated, dispersed, elongated)
Nucleated: a compact, closely packed settlement sharply decorated from adjoining farmlands; dispersed: characterized by a much lower density of population and the wide spacing of individual homesteads; elongated: a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape
66
Shopping mall
Mercantile establishment consisting of a carefully landscaped complex of shops representing leading merchandisers
67
Site/situation
Site = the physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant, Situation = the location of a place relative to other places
68
Slum
A heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor
69
Social structure
Social organization based on established patterns of social interaction between different relationships
70
Specialization
Separation of tasks within a system
71
Street pattern (grid, dendritic; access, control)
The way in which streets are designed; grid: streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion; dendritic: characterized by fewer streets organized based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry; access: provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway; control: allows highways or housing projects to be supervised
72
Suburb
Residential areas on the outskirts of a city or large town
73
Suburbanization
A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities
74
Symbolic landscape
Landscape that depicts symbols
75
Tenement
An apartment building, especially one meeting minimum standards of sanitation, safety or maintenance up keep
76
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to support the service. Significance: Many service companies when thinking of a location will consider the threshold or hte number of people that are needed fro them to stay in business
77
Town
An urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city
78
Underemployment
Employed at a job that does not fully use one's skills or abilities. Significance: Since there is a competition for jobs in some areas especially those that are highly urbanized means that there might be a fraction of people who are underemployed
79
Urban growth rate
The rate at which an urban area grows. | Significance: It lets geographers know the fastest growing urban areas and analyze their growth
80
Urban function
Services that are provided in a certain urban area
81
Urban hearth area
An area, like Mesopotamia or the Nile Valley, where large cities first existed
82
Urban heat island
A metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas.
83
Urban hierarchy
A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions
84
Urban hydrology
Study of water in Urban areas and how to treat it
85
Urban morphology
The study of the physical form and structure of urban places
86
Urbanization
The process by which the population of cities grow. Significance: More and more areas have become urban over the course of history. Now the United States is fairly split between rural and urban areas dividing the land mas of the nation
87
Urbanized population
Population that lives in Urban areas
88
World city
Most important centers of economic power and wealth
89
Zone in transition
Area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD; mixture of growth, change, and decline
90
Zoning
Dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc

AP Human Geography (12 decks)

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