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Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Positivism

A

The belief in objective data and avoidance of theoretical speculation. proof not abstract idea

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2
Q

logical positivism

A

belief in positive ideas but, combined with logic breaks into 2 parts

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3
Q

Empirical

A

Scientific observation of evidence to form logical conclusions

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4
Q

theoretical

A

rationalism, using evidence to form logical conclusions

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5
Q

the logic of modern physics

A

all concepts must have physical referents that can be defined

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6
Q

Operationism

A

the belief abstract, theoretical concepts can be relevant must be made objective , observable, and measurable

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7
Q

theory

A

set of interrelated propositions, a framework for prediction and explaining empirical events

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8
Q

1.) what should psychology study?

A

Learning

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9
Q

2.)Most behavior can be accounted by what?

A

Laws of conditioning

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10
Q
  1. psychology must adopt the principle of?
A

operationism

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11
Q

Differences

A

logical positivism must be used
theoretical terms must be operationally defined
reliance and operationism
animals vs humans

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12
Q

who used animals?

A

Tolman. Hull, Skinner

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13
Q

What do animals allow?

A

easier control of variables

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14
Q

Who used Humans??

A

Bandura

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15
Q

Edward Chace Toleman rejected ?

A

introspection as a method

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16
Q

what was Toleman not interested in?

A

internal experiences (thought) unless they could be objectively observed

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17
Q

Purposiveness

A

all behavior is goal directed ! we have a reason for doing what we do. you can tell what the purpose is by observing behavior

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18
Q

Intervening variables

A

variables that change or modulate how the stimulus( environment) is interpreted and the behavior( response) that results

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19
Q

how did Toleman define them?

A

operationally

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20
Q

purpose and cognition were

A

theoretical constructs

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21
Q

theoretical constructs can do what ???

A

describe, predict, and explain behavior

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22
Q

what is an example of intervening variables?

A

thirst. one can be thirsty or not. when presented with water ( stimulus) a person responds based on their thirst (drinking or not drinking)

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23
Q

Toleman used what for learning?

A

Maze learning

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24
Q

Cognitive map

A

an image of the area you are navigating, a mental map

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25
Expectancy
how a decision will play out
26
example of expectancy??
you expect a certain result every time you flip a light switch
27
Sign Gestalt
A learned relationship between environmental cues and expectancies regarding those cues
28
ex. of sign Gestalt
after using a clicker you understand one button changes channels and one changes volume (this relationship is sign Gestalt)
29
Latent learning ( Toleman)
knowledge is different than performance . no trying or reinforcement
30
what did Toleman believe about rats and how they learned?
that you could learn a maze without trying and without reinforcement. by small exposure to it
31
Clark Hull | Hypothetic deductive theory
an idea about how intervening variables work to explain behavior (MANY PARTS)
32
Hull (Drive)
a biological need
33
Hull what are biological needs?
food never goes away fully can be measured
34
Hull (drive reduction)
organisms want to reduce drive to 0 so they feel content
35
Hull (Habit strength)
whenever a behavior (response) successfully reduces a drive, it neg. reinforces behavior/
36
Learning ( hull)
defined as an increase in habit strength. when a behavior successfully reduces a drive. increase in habit strength......drive reduction
37
what did Hull take out of Toleman's approach?
mentalism
38
what did Skinner believe in about psychology ?
believed psychology was about predicting & controlling behavior to make society better.
39
What did Skinner want to do? 3 things
Describe not explain bottom up approach experiment first and describe what happened.
40
what did Skinner use as a subject?
Single subject! (single animal)
41
Operant conditioning
consequences of behavior control behavior
42
Law of Acquisition
the strength of operant behavior increases when followed by reinforcing stimulus
43
reinforcer
anything that increases the likelihood of behavior
44
punishment
anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
45
positive
the addition of something
46
negative
the removal of something
47
schedule of reinforcement
rate of response varies as a function of the schedule reinforcement
48
partial/ intermittent reinforcement
reinforcement only happen sometimes
49
continuous reinforcement
consistent every behavior rewarded with reinforce
50
Example of pos punishment
Spanking
51
example of neg punishment
removable of enjoyable behavior (grounding child) taking away toys.
52
Shaping
too complex to teach at once. reinforce partial behaviors
53
what did skinner try to invent that failed?
air cribs,( machine to out kid in.) pigeon guided missiles
54
variable ratio
slot machine, eventually will get something out of it
55
continuous reinforcement
every time you do a behavior receive reward
56
variable interval
pop quiz don't know when its coming
57
Watsonian behaviorism dates? Neobehavorism dates? sociobehaviorism
1913-1930 1930-1960 1960- present
58
Rationalism
logical reasoning making inferences
59
theory
testable hypotheses
60
what did Skinner not use??
theory
61
Operationalism
abstract theoretical concept are relevant
62
what do neobehavorist's do?1. 2. 3.
psych should study learning laws of conditioning operationalism

history of psychology (7 decks)

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