Flashcards in Chapter 11 Deck (62)
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Positivism
The belief in objective data and avoidance of theoretical speculation. proof not abstract idea
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logical positivism
belief in positive ideas but, combined with logic breaks into 2 parts
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Empirical
Scientific observation of evidence to form logical conclusions
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theoretical
rationalism, using evidence to form logical conclusions
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the logic of modern physics
all concepts must have physical referents that can be defined
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Operationism
the belief abstract, theoretical concepts can be relevant must be made objective , observable, and measurable
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theory
set of interrelated propositions, a framework for prediction and explaining empirical events
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1.) what should psychology study?
Learning
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2.)Most behavior can be accounted by what?
Laws of conditioning
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3. psychology must adopt the principle of?
operationism
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Differences
logical positivism must be used
theoretical terms must be operationally defined
reliance and operationism
animals vs humans
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who used animals?
Tolman. Hull, Skinner
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What do animals allow?
easier control of variables
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Who used Humans??
Bandura
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Edward Chace Toleman rejected ?
introspection as a method
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what was Toleman not interested in?
internal experiences (thought) unless they could be objectively observed
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Purposiveness
all behavior is goal directed ! we have a reason for doing what we do. you can tell what the purpose is by observing behavior
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Intervening variables
variables that change or modulate how the stimulus( environment) is interpreted and the behavior( response) that results
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how did Toleman define them?
operationally
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purpose and cognition were
theoretical constructs
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theoretical constructs can do what ???
describe, predict, and explain behavior
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what is an example of intervening variables?
thirst. one can be thirsty or not. when presented with water ( stimulus) a person responds based on their thirst (drinking or not drinking)
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Toleman used what for learning?
Maze learning
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Cognitive map
an image of the area you are navigating, a mental map
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Expectancy
how a decision will play out
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example of expectancy??
you expect a certain result every time you flip a light switch
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Sign Gestalt
A learned relationship between environmental cues and expectancies regarding those cues
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ex. of sign Gestalt
after using a clicker you understand one button changes channels and one changes volume (this relationship is sign Gestalt)
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Latent learning ( Toleman)
knowledge is different than performance . no trying or reinforcement
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what did Toleman believe about rats and how they learned?
that you could learn a maze without trying and without reinforcement. by small exposure to it
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Clark Hull
Hypothetic deductive theory
an idea about how intervening variables work to explain behavior (MANY PARTS)
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Hull (Drive)
a biological need
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Hull what are biological needs?
food never goes away fully can be measured
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Hull (drive reduction)
organisms want to reduce drive to 0 so they feel content
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Hull (Habit strength)
whenever a behavior (response) successfully reduces a drive, it neg. reinforces behavior/
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Learning ( hull)
defined as an increase in habit strength. when a behavior successfully reduces a drive. increase in habit strength......drive reduction
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what did Hull take out of Toleman's approach?
mentalism
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what did Skinner believe in about psychology ?
believed psychology was about predicting & controlling behavior to make society better.
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What did Skinner want to do? 3 things
Describe not explain
bottom up approach
experiment first and describe what happened.
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what did Skinner use as a subject?
Single subject! (single animal)
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Operant conditioning
consequences of behavior control behavior
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Law of Acquisition
the strength of operant behavior increases when followed by reinforcing stimulus
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reinforcer
anything that increases the likelihood of behavior
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punishment
anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
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positive
the addition of something
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negative
the removal of something
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schedule of reinforcement
rate of response varies as a function of the schedule reinforcement
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partial/ intermittent reinforcement
reinforcement only happen sometimes
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continuous reinforcement
consistent every behavior rewarded with reinforce
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Example of pos punishment
Spanking
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example of neg punishment
removable of enjoyable behavior (grounding child) taking away toys.
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Shaping
too complex to teach at once. reinforce partial behaviors
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what did skinner try to invent that failed?
air cribs,( machine to out kid in.) pigeon guided missiles
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variable ratio
slot machine, eventually will get something out of it
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continuous reinforcement
every time you do a behavior receive reward
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variable interval
pop quiz don't know when its coming
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Watsonian behaviorism dates?
Neobehavorism dates?
sociobehaviorism
1913-1930
1930-1960
1960- present
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Rationalism
logical reasoning making inferences
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theory
testable hypotheses
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what did Skinner not use??
theory
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Operationalism
abstract theoretical concept are relevant
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