Chapter 11

Question 0

Sampling error

Answer 0

The difference between a sample and its population

Question 1

Inferential statistics

Answer 1

Certain types of procedures that allow researchers to make inferences about a population based on findings from a sample

Question 2

Sampling distribution

Answer 2

Similar to a normal distribution is referred to as a distribution of sample means and has its own mean and standard deviation. The meaning of the sampling distribution also known as the mean of means is equal to the mean of the population

Question 3

Standard error of the mean SEM

Answer 3

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of me

Question 4

Estimating the standard error of me

Answer 4

Page 224

Question 5

Confidence interval

Answer 5

The use of an SEM indicate boundaries or limits within which the population mean lies

Question 6

Probability

Answer 6

The predicted relative occurrence or relative frequency

Question 7

The standard error of the difference between sample means SED

Answer 7

Page 227

Question 8

Null hypothesis

Answer 8

Specifies there is no relationship in the population; for example: there’s no difference between the population meeting of students using method A population mean of students using method B.

Question 9

Hypothesis testing

Answer 9

Pages 228 and 229

Question 10

Statistical significance

Answer 10

One’s results are likely to occur by chance last and a certain percentage of the time say 5%

Question 11

Practical significance

Answer 11

Importance measured on practical terms

Question 12

One tailed test

Answer 12

Give researchers hypothesis can be supported only if he or she attains a positive difference between the sample means, the researcher is therefore justified in using only the positive tale of the sapling distribution to locate dictate difference.

Question 13

Type 2 error

Answer 13

Results when a researcher fails to rejecting a null hypothesis that is false

Question 14

Type 1 error

Answer 14

Results when researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true

Question 15

Parametric techniques

Answer 15

Make various kinds of assumptions about the nature of the population from which the samples involved in the research study or drawn

Question 16

Nonparametric techniques

Answer 16

Make few if any assumptions about the nature of the population from which the samples are taken

Question 17

The t-test for means

Answer 17

The parametric statistical test used to see whether a difference between the means of two samples of significant

Question 18

The t-test for independent means

Answer 18

Used to compare the mean scores of two different, or independent, groups.

Question 19

Degrees of freedom df

Answer 19

Refers to the number of scores in a frequency distribution that are free to vary – that is, that are not fixed

Question 20

T-test for correlated means

Answer 20

Used to compare the mean scores of the same group before and after a treatment of some sort is given, to see if any observed game is significant, but when the research design involves two matched groups

Question 21

Analysis of variance space ANOVA

Answer 21

A general form of the t-test that is appropriate to use with three or more groups

Question 22

Analysis of covariance ANCOVA

Answer 22

Used when for example groups are given a pretest related in some way to the dependent variable and their mean scores on this pre-test Are found to differ

Question 23

Multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA

Answer 23

Incorporates two or more dependent variables in the same analysis, thus permitting a more powerful test of differences among means

Question 24

The t-test for r

Answer 24

Used to see whether a correlation coefficient calculated on sample data is significant – that is, whether it represents a nonzero correlation in the population from which the sample was drawn.

Question 25

The Man – Whitney U test

Answer 25

A nonparametric alternative to the t-test used when the research or wishes to analyze ranked data

Question 26

The Kruskal- Wallace one – way analysis of variance

Answer 26

Used when researchers have more than two dependent groups to compare

Question 27

The sign test

Answer 27

Used when researcher wants to analyze two related as opposed to independent samples

Question 28

The Friedman two – Way analysis of variance

Answer 28

If more than two related groups are involved

Question 29

T-test for a difference in proportions

Answer 29

Whether the proportion in one category for example males is different than the proportion in another category for example females

Question 30

T-test for independent proportions and t-test for correlated proportions

Answer 30

The latter is used primarily with the same group is being compared as in the proportion of individuals agreeing with the statement before and after receiving an intervention of some sort.

Question 31

The chi-squared test

Answer 31

Used to analyze data reported in categories

Question 32

Calculation of degrees of freedom in Cross break tables

Answer 32

Page 238

Question 33

Contingency coefficients

Answer 33

Symbolized by the letter C, to which referred to a chapter 10. It is a measure of the degree of association in a contingency table

Question 34

Summary of inferential techniques

Answer 34

Pages 238 table 11.2 on page 239

Question 35

Power of a statistical test

Answer 35

Similar to the power of the telescope. Explained in pages 240 and 241