chapter 11 - basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards
(18 cards)
general formula
an algebraic formula for a member of a homologous series
homologous series
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member different by CH2
functional group
a group of atoms responsible for one characteristic reaction of a compound
structural formula
the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule (eg CH3CH2)
displayed formula
the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them eg
skeletal formula
the simplest organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and functional groups eg
aliphatic
a compound arranged in straight or branching chains
alicyclic
a compound arranged in non-aromatic rings, with or without branching chains
aromatic
a compound that contains a benzene ring
chain isomerism
isomers have a difference in chain length caused by branching
positional isomerism
the position of a functional group differs along a chain
functional group isomerism
the position of atoms causes a different functional group
homolytic fission
when a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
heterolytic fission
when a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
a radical
an atom with an unpaired electron
addition reaction
two reactants join together to form one product eg C3H6 + H2O -> C3H7OH
substitution reaction
an atom is replaced by a different atom eg C3H7Br + OH- -> C3H7OH + Br-
elimination reaction
involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one. one reactant forms two products eg C3H7OH -> C3H6 + H2O
