chapter 5 - electrons and bonding

Question 1

isotope

Answer 1

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Question 2

orbitals

Answer 2

an area in an atom that can hold up to two electrons with opposing spins

Question 3

ionisation energy

Answer 3

the energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Question 4

heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

Answer 4

the idea that you can’t know with certainty both where the electron is and where it is going

Question 5

electron configuration

Answer 5

the arrangement of electrons in an atom

Question 6

principle quantum number

Answer 6

a number representing the relative overall energy of each orbital (ie 2p6)

Question 7

shell

Answer 7

a group of atomic orbitals with the same principle number, n

Question 8

sub-shell

Answer 8

a group of the same type of atomic orbitals (s, p, d, f) within a shell

Question 9

properties of ionic bonding

Answer 9

• high melting and boiling points
• soluble in water
• conduct electricity when molten
• ionic crystals shatter easily

Question 10

properties of covalent bonding

Answer 10

• low melting and boiling points
• low solubility in water
• they do not conduct electricity when solid or molten

Question 11

properties of metallic bonding

Answer 11

• high melting and boiling points
• good conductors of electricity
• malleable
• ductile

Question 12

maximum number of electrons allowed in each shell

Answer 12

1st shell - 2
2nd shell - 8
3rd shell - 18
4th shell - 32

Question 13

electron orbitals in each shell (assuming all orbitals are complete)

Answer 13

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14

Question 14

covalent bonding

Answer 14

a bond is formed from a shared pair of electrons with an equal attraction to each nuclei

Question 15

lone pair of electrons

Answer 15

a pair of outer shell electrons that are not involved in any chemical bonding

Question 16

dative covalent bonding

Answer 16

one of the atoms supplied both the shared electrons to the covalent bond ie NH4+

Question 17

diamond (structure, conductivity, hardness)

Answer 17

structure - tetrehedral structure held together by strong covalent bonds
electrical conductivity - poor conductivity; no delocalised electrons
hardness - hard

Question 18

graphite (structure, conductivity, hardness)

Answer 18

structure - strong hexagonal layered structure; London dispersion forces between layers
electrical conductivity - good conductivity of electricity; delocalised electrons between layers
hardness - soft

Question 19

giant covalent lattice

Answer 19

a 3d structure of atoms bonded together by strong covalent bonds

Question 20

properties of giant covalent lattices

Answer 20

• high melting and boiling point
• do not conduct electricity