Chapter 11: Brain Function and Neurocognitive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is non-fluent aphasia?

A

limited ability to produce speech; effortful and with few words

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2
Q

What is fluent aphasia?

A

able to produce connected speech

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3
Q

2 types of non fluent apahasia categories.

A

Good understanding of Language (spoken and written)

Poor understanding of language (spoken and written)

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4
Q

What are the 2 categories for fluent aphasia?

A
  • good understanding of language (spoken and written)
  • poor understanding of language (spoken and written)
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5
Q

What are the types of non-fluent aphasias that are classified as an individual having a good understanding of language.

A
  • broca aphasia
  • transcortical motor aphasia
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6
Q

Broca aphasia

A

cannot repeat words or sentences

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7
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia.

A

can repeat words or sentences

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8
Q

What are the features of mixed non-fluent aphasia?

A

some ability to produce speech

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9
Q

What are the features of global aphasia?

A

most severe; little to no comprehension or expression

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10
Q

What are types of fluent aphasia that are included in the good understanding of language (written and spoken category)

A
  • conduction aphasia
  • anomic aphasia
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11
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

numerous phonemic paraphasias such as “ poon, “soon” or “pone” for “spoon”

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12
Q

Anomic aphasia.

A

(primary limitation is difficulty retrieving desired words when communicating; “it’s on the tip of my tongue”

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13
Q

What are the categories of fluent aphasia included under poor understanding of language (spoken and written)?

A
  • Wernicke aphasia
  • Transcortical sensory aphasia
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14
Q

Features of Wernicke aphasia?

A

cannot repeat words or sentences

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15
Q

Features of transcortical sensory aphasia.

A

can repeat words or sentences; speech produced resembles a “word salad” many words and ideas, but doesn’t generally make sense

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16
Q

Enkephalins typically act on what type of receptors?

A

opiate receptors

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17
Q

Substance P

A

major transmitter of sensory neurons that convey pain sensation from the periphery especially the skin, into the spinal cord

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18
Q

T/F. There is a new class of antidepressant medications being tested to work on substance P.

A

true

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19
Q

Compare and contrast the general definition of delirium to the general definition of what a neurocognitive disorder is.

A

Delirium is an acute onset of impaired cognitive functioning that is fluctuating, brief, and reversible.

Neurocognitive disorder: a loss of cognitive abilities, impairment of social functioning, loss of memory, and/or change in personality that may be progressive or static

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20
Q

Compare and contrast mild neurocognitive disorder with major neurocognitive disorder.

A

Mild: neurocognitive disorder that is a moderate cognitive decline that has minimal interaction with functioning

Major neurocognitive disorder: significant cognitive decline that interferes with functioning and independence

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21
Q

What are some neuroanatomic findings seen in those with Alzeihmer Disease?

A

cortical atrophy, flattened sulci, enlarged ventricles

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22
Q

Histopathology of Alzheimer Disease?

A

senile plaques (amyloid deposits), neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, synaptic loss ,granulovacuolar degeneration of neurons

23
Q

What chromosome is Alzeimers associated with. What gene is associated to this condition?

A

chromosome 21 (gene for amyloid precursor protein)

24
Q

Compare and contrast gender predisposition in patients with Alzheimers vs vascular conditions.

A

Alzeihmer’s: women> men
Vascular: men > women

25
What is the avg age of onset in Alzheimer's vs vascular conditions.
alzeihmers: older age vascular: younger age
26
Compare and contrast the deterioration in Alzeihmers to that of Vascular neurocognitive conditions.
Alzeihmers: linear or progressive deterioration Vascular: stepwise or patchy deterioration
27
Compare and contrast focal deficits in Alzheimers to vascular Neurocognitive conditions
Alzeihmers: no focal deficits Vascular: focal deficits
28
Another name for Pick disease?
Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
29
What are some neuroanatomic findings of those with Picks disease?
atrophy in frontal and temporal lobes
30
Histopathology of Picks disease?
Pick bodies (intraneuronal argentophilic inclusions) and Pick cells (swollen neurons) in affected areas of the brain
31
Etiology of Picks?
unknown
32
Features of what other condition may be seen in one who has Picks disease?
Kluver Bucy syndrome (hypersexuality, hyperphagia, passivity)
33
What is neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease?
a rare spongiform encephalopathy caused by a slow virus (prion)
34
What does prion disease present with?
neurocognitive disorder, myoclonus, and EEG abnormalities visual and gait disturbances, choreoathetosis or other abnormal movements
35
What chromosome is implicated in Huntington disease?
chromosome 4
36
Compare and contrast location of cause of Huntington to Parkinsons?
Huntington: caudate nucleus Parkinson: dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
37
Compare and contrast symptoms of Parkinson's with that of Huntingtons Disease.
Huntington disease: choreoathetosis, neurocognitive disorder, and psychosis suicidal behavior fairly common Parkinsons: resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and gait disturbances
38
What is neurocognitive disorders with Lewy bodies characterized by?
* hallucinations, parkinsonian features, and extrapyramidal signs * patients typically have fluctuating cognition, as well as REM sleep behavior disorder
39
Pathology of neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection?
HIV directly and progressively destroys brain parenchyma
40
What is Wilson disease caused by?
ceruloplasmin deficiency
41
Features of Wilsons disease?
* hepatolenticular degeneration * kayser-fleischer rings in the eye * asterixis
42
What are symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
* neurocognitive disorder * urinary incontinence * gait apraxia
43
Features of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
* enlarged ventricles * normal pressure
44
Treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
shunt placement
45
What is pseudodementia?
typically seen in older patients with a depressive disorder who appear or have symtpoms of neurocognitive disorder
46
Best treatment for pseudodementia?
antidepressants
47
Compare onset of delirium vs neurocognitive disorders.
delirium: acute onset neurocognitive disorder: insidious onset
48
Compare and contrast delirum vs neurocognitive disorder how the condition presents?
delirium: fluctuating coarse neurocognitive disorder: chronic
49
Compare and contrast the duration of delirium with that of neurocognitive disorder?
delirium: lasts days to weeks neurocognitive disorder: lasts months to years
50
Describe how memory is affected with delirium as compared to neurocognitive disorders?
delirium: recent memory problems neurocognitive disorders: recent then remote memory problems
51
Describe sleep-wake cycle with delirium compared to neurocognitive disorders.
Delirium: disrupted sleep wake cycle Neurocognitive disorder: normal sleep wake cycle
52
Describe disorientation in delirium with that of neurocognitive disorders.
delirium: disorientation neurocognitive disorders: less disorientation initially
53
Describe hallucinations in delirium vs neurocognitive disorder.
delirium: hallucinations common neurocognitive disorders: hallucinations, sundowning
54
Describe how to treat delirium vs neurocognitive disorders.
delirium: treat underlying condition neurocognitive disorder: supportive treatment