Chapter 8: Sleep Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 distinct stages of sleep?

A

REM and NREM

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2
Q

Some characteristics of NREM sleep?

A
  • divided into 3 stages
  • slowing of the EEG
  • higher muscle tone
  • absence of eye movements
  • absence of thought like mental acuity

“idling brain in a movable body”

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3
Q

Some characteristics of REM sleep?

A
  • aroused EEG pattern
  • sexual arousal
  • saccadic eye movements
  • dreaming
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4
Q

Stage 1 sleep has what types of waves?

A

theta

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5
Q

Stage 2 sleep has what types of waves?

A

sleep spindles and K complexes

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6
Q

Stage 3 sleep has what types of waves?

A

delta

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7
Q

ID the sleep wave.

A

theta

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8
Q

ID the sleep wave.

A

sleep spindles

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9
Q

ID the sleep wave.

A

K complexes

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10
Q

ID the sleep wave.

A

delta waves

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11
Q

Describe Stage 2 sleep.

A

longest stage of sleep

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12
Q

Describe stage 3 sleep?

A
  • deepest stage of sleep: delta sleep is restorative
  • tends to decrease in older adults
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13
Q

Describe sleep latency stage.

A

About 5-15 min from time one goes to bed and falls asleep

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14
Q

Describe REM latency.

A

About 90 min from time one falls asleep to first REM period

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15
Q

Describe characteristics of REM sleep as you sleep.

A
  • first REM period of night is 5-15 min and last is 20 - 40 min
  • REM increases as night goes on
  • greater amounts in second half of night
  • easiest to arouse
  • memories are consolidated by hippocampus
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16
Q

NREM is greater the first or second half of the night?

A

greater amounts in first half of night

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter helps to initiate sleep?

18
Q

What neurotransmitter is higher during REM?

19
Q

What neurotransmitter is lower during REM?

20
Q

How do DA levels affect sleep?

A

produce arousal and wakefulness; they rise upon waking

21
Q

Besides DA what is another neurotransmitter that regulates arousal, wakefulness and appetite?

A

Orexin (hypocretin)

22
Q

How to remember neurotransmitters that affect sleep?

A

SAND
Serotonin
ACh
NE
DA

23
Q

If benzos are used chronically, and then stopped they affect what part of sleep most?

A

sleep latency is increased

24
Q

How does moderate alcohol consumption affect wakefulness during sleep?

A

increases wakefulness during the second half of the night

25
What sleep stage/s do barbs affect?
decrease REM
26
How do barbs affect REM when one is going through withdrawal?
REM rebound, including nightmares
27
4 main symptoms of narcolepsy?
* sleep attacks and excessive daytime sleepiness (most common symptom) * cataplexy * hypnopompic and hypnogogic hallucinations (common) * sleep paralysis: inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up from sleep
28
What is secondary insomnia?
(most common type) caused by medical problems, psychiatric problems, medications, etc
29
What are some treatments for insomnia?
varies: * sleep hygiene * behavior modification: stimulus control * pharmacotherapy: zaleplon, zolpidem, eszopiclone * Ramelteon: a melatonin receptor-agonist, works on the sleep wake cycle and has less incidence of dependence
30
What condition can deficient orexin lead to?
narcolepsy
31
How can lack of orexin lead to narcolepsy?
orexin triggers wakefulness, while low sleep levels of orexin at night serve to drive sleep.... low levels therefore lead to narcolepsy
32
What stage of sleep do night terrors occur? And what are major features of those with night terrors?
* stage 3 * common in young boys * familial * wake up in middle of night and scream
33
Treatment for night terrors?
benzodiazepines
34
Do you remember night terrors?
no
35
Nightmares happen during which stage of sleep?
REM
36
Features of nightmares?
common during stressful times
37
Treatment for nightmares?
antidepressants
38
Do you/ can you remember nightmares?
yes
39
What stage of sleep does somnambulism occur in?
stage 3
40
Treatment for somnambulism?
benzodiazepines
41
What stage does bruxism commonly occur in?
stage 2