Chapter 11 Pathogens, Defence against disease and the immune response Flashcards
what are infectious diseases caused by
viruses - common cold
bacteria - MRSA
fungi - athletes foot
protoctistans - malaria
how are infectious diseases transmitted
through the air
direct contact
through food and water
by vectors
what do microorganism do
reproduce rapidly in the body
produce toxins
more likely to cause disease if large numbers of microorganisms enter the body as a result of unhygienic conditions or contact with infected people
how living conditions and lifestyle affect the spread of disease
worse conditions mean, unhygienic conditions therefore the spread of disease will spread quicker
lifestyle - have a health condition then you will have a weak immune system
how does the body precent the entry of pathogens
skin acts as a natural barrier
mucus in the respiratory passage traps some pathogens
cilia on the cells in the respiratory passages to move the mucus and trapped pathogens up to the throat
acid conditions in the stomach, vagina, urethrea
the ability to produce scabs which form following blood clots
white blood cells
how antibiotic resistant occurs
antibioticws is given, symptoms goes away and patient doesn’t finish the antibiotics
therefore there are some pathogens left these have a mutation and become resistant to the antibiotics
cant destroy them so they reproduce and build up to become harmful due to natural selection
the problems of the antibiotic resistance in a modern hospital
MRSA, spreads quickly very hard to be destroyed
ways of reducing the spread of infection
provision of alcohol based hand washes
improves basic hygiene on wards and every is cleaned
ensure ward furniture is cleaned with disinfectors and antiseptics
special paint containing chemicals to destroy bacteria
penicillin
following up an observation that the mould inhibited the growth of the bacteria
the mould must have released a chemical which stopped the growth of the bacteria
culturing the mould to produce a mixture which contains the bacteria could be tested to show it was harmless to human cells
what do lymphocytes do
they produce anitbodies in response to an infection of vaccine
what do antibodies do
they will be produced more rapidly following to primary infection or vaccine this is called the active immunity
the antibodies can be injected when a person has been exposed to a dangerous infective organism
what is the immune system stimulated by
particular antigens
the antigens are foreign substances which are found on the cell surface membranes and virus coats
the immune response involves the production of specific antibodies
the immune response is slow id the body has not encountered the relevant antigen
the immune response is rapid in the presence of an immunological memory in the form of specific lymphocytes
what did jenner do
made an observation, formed an hypothesis and investigated it
the modern methods of production and testing vaccines
identify the part of the organism to be used in the vaccine
the use of tissue culture to test the first vaccine
animal testing
human volunteers
the use of vaccines
side effects, might not work
stop spread of disease, prevent epidemics
