Chapter 12

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

A combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioural response patterns of an individual.

Question 2

Big Five or five-factor model of personality

Answer 2

A theory that there are five personality traits that combine to express personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 3

personality inventory

Answer 3

A questionnaire used to rate a person on a set of characteristics that make up a respondent’s personality.

Question 4

personality profile

Answer 4

The unique combination of personality traits that describes the more and less dominant features of an individual’s personality and dominance of the Big Five traits relative to one another.

Question 5

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a well-known personality test that types individuals according to responses on four dimensions:

Answer 5

(1) introversion vs. extraversion, (2) sensing vs. intuiting, (3) thinking vs. feeling, and (4) judging vs. perceiving. The Myers-Briggs is commonly used to assess career interests and match people with careers that are most likely to fit them.

Question 6

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answer 6

A personality test used by clinicians for the purpose of assessing traits associated with mental illness.

Question 7

psychosocial development

Answer 7

A set of theories that assume personality is shaped through experience and interactions with the environment throughout the lifespan.

Question 8

role confusion

Answer 8

The lack of a secure sense of self and identity, according to Erikson.

Question 9

intimacy vs. isolation stage

Answer 9

Erikson’s sixth stage of psychosocial development, leading to the capacity to share oneself with another or not.

Question 10

First order change

Answer 10

The development of the individual in a family life-cycle.

Question 11

Second order change

Answer 11

In the family life-cycle, these are changes in the family.

Question 12

family life cycle

Answer 12

The stages of development a family goes through as a function of the aging and maturation of individual family members.

Question 13

differentiation

Answer 13

The ability to maintain a sense of self while in a relationship with others.

Question 14

affective support

Answer 14

Emotionally based expressions of interest, care, and concern.

Question 15

instrumental support

Answer 15

The provision of tangible assistance.

Question 16

communion

Answer 16

The levels of closeness and equality people want in their friendships.

Question 17

agency

Answer 17

The amount of control individuals perceive and assert over their life.

Question 18

individuation

Answer 18

The extent to which individuals actualize their true selves.

Question 19

social network

Answer 19

A group of people who identify themselves as connected because of some similar demographic, such as religion, age, ethnicity, or common interest, and who interact regularly.

Question 20

social networking site (SNS)

Answer 20

An Internet-based community in which people can join and connect with others, share information, and interact socially online.

Question 21

consummate love

Answer 21

A relationship involving both emotional and physical intimacy.

Question 22

triangular theory of love Sternberg’s (1997)

Answer 22

theory suggesting that various types of love reflect different combinations of passion, intimacy, and commitment.

Question 23

assortative mating

Answer 23

A process throughout the animal kingdom in which species seek out similar partners as mates.

Question 24

hook-up

Answer 24

A sexual encounter that involves mutual consent and mutual agreement that no relationship commitment is expected.

Question 25

Cohabitation

Answer 25

The commitment to live with an intimate partner (without a marriage certificate).

Question 26

interpersonal schema

Answer 26

An expectation about whether intimate relationships satisfy or deny emotional and psychological needs.

Question 27

relationship churning

Answer 27

An on-off pattern found in some intimate relationships where partners frequently break up and reconcile.

Question 28

personality disorder

Answer 28

A long-term pattern of relating that causes problems in relationships and at work.

Question 29

intimate partner violence

Answer 29

Physical, sexual, or psychological harm committed against a victim by a current or former partner or spouse.

Question 30

separateness

Answer 30

A dimension of self in which individuals in a relationship maintain their boundaries.

Question 31

equality

Answer 31

A reciprocal acceptance of each person’s worth in the relationship.

Question 32

openness

Answer 32

A clear, honest, and relevant process of communication.

Question 33

cognitive reappraisal

Answer 33

The ability to re-evaluate the cause of an emotional state and mediate the response.

Question 34

effortful control

Answer 34

The ability to regulate responses to external stimuli.

Question 35

career outcome expectations

Answer 35

The process one goes through when deciding about a future career and focusing on costs and rewards involved in career choice.

Question 36

self-efficacy

Answer 36

Beliefs regarding one’s ability to succeed.

Question 37

identity consolidation

Answer 37

The challenge of refining and organizing one’s personal identity in response to new adult roles, responsibilities, and contexts.

Question 38

diathesis–stress model

Answer 38

A model suggesting that abnormal behaviour results from a combination of genetic predispositions toward psychopathology and environmental stressors.

Question 39

quarter-life crisis

Answer 39

The hypothesis proposing that the task of becoming adult is experienced as a personal crisis in the mid-20s.

Question 40

life expectancy

Answer 40

The average number of years a person can expect to live.

Question 41

executive functioning

Answer 41

Information-processing skills involved in problem solving and strategy design and execution.