Chapter 10

Question 1

identity

Answer 1

An individual’s understanding of self in relation to his or her social context.

Question 2

identity versus role confusion

Answer 2

Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development, during which the adolescent must adopt a coherent and integrated sense of self.

Question 3

identity crisis

Answer 3

A crisis that entails an evaluation of possible choices concerning vocation, relationships, and self-understanding.

Question 4

role confusion

Answer 4

An adolescent’s inability to define an identity, resulting in a lack of direction and focus.

Question 5

exploration

Answer 5

One of the two dimensions suggested by Marcia as determining a person’s identity status at a particular time; it is a positive search for identity options.

Question 6

commitment

Answer 6

One of the two dimensions suggested by Marcia as determining a person’s identity status at a particular time; it is a conscious choice made about a particular aspect of identity.

Question 7

identity moratorium

Answer 7

As described by Marcia, an individual who has begun to explore his or her identity but has yet to make a commitment.

Question 8

identity diffusion

Answer 8

As described by Marcia, an individual who has neither made a commitment about nor begun to explore his or her identity.

Question 9

identity foreclosure

Answer 9

As described by Marcia, an individual who has made a commitment about his or her identity without even exploring options.

Question 10

identity achievement

Answer 10

As described by Marcia, an individual who has made a commitment about his or her identity following a process of exploration.

Question 11

ethnic identity

Answer 11

A component of identity and self-concept that acknowledges a unique connection to a specific ethnic group and the values and beliefs associated with that group.

Question 12

acculturation

Answer 12

A process for people within a minority culture wherein they adopt values from a majority culture.

Question 13

gender intensification

Answer 13

A process wherein a person becomes more rigid in their gender performance, behaving in stereotypical ways for their identified gender.

Question 14

secure/autonomous

Answer 14

An attachment category in which adolescents display the ability to recognize both the positive and negative aspects of childhood attachment figures.

Question 15

insecure/dismissive

Answer 15

An attachment category in which adolescents minimize considerations of early experiences and relationships, or downplay the importance of early attachment experiences.

Question 16

insecure/preoccupied

Answer 16

An attachment category in which adolescents display preoccupation with early experiences and attachment figures, but experience difficulty evaluating those relationships.

Question 17

crowd

Answer 17

A group of people who may or may not be friends but who share similar attributes to one another.

Question 18

clique

Answer 18

A tight-knit group of friends who share similar values and behaviours.

Question 19

problematic Internet use

Answer 19

An excessive preoccupation with Internet use that leads to socio-emotional maladjustment, academic difficulties, and physical health problems.

Question 20

initiation

Answer 20

phase The first phase in a four-phase model of early romantic relationships in which adolescents begin to notice and become comfortable with others perceived as sexually attractive.

Question 21

status phase

Answer 21

The second phase in a four-phase model of early romantic relationships in which crowd and status influence how an adolescent couple develops.

Question 22

affection phase

Answer 22

The third phase in a four-phase model of early romantic relationships in which the emphasis shifts away from the influence of peers to the development of a meaningful connection between two individuals.

Question 23

bonding phase

Answer 23

The fourth phase in a four-phase model of early romantic relationships in which relationship becomes characterized by a high level of commitment and a future orientation.

Question 24

young offender

Answer 24

A person under the age of 18 charged with a criminal offence.

Question 25

cognitive reappraisal

Answer 25

The ability to re-evaluate the cause of an emotional state and mediate the response.

Question 26

expressive suppression

Answer 26

An emotion regulation strategy that inhibits one’s emotional response without reducing the level of emotion.

Question 27

suicidal ideation

Answer 27

A continued obsession with thoughts of suicide, including the methods, time, and place of the suicide.

Question 28

non-suicidal

Answer 28

self-injury Deliberate self-injury with no suicidal intent for the purpose of self-punishment, managing negative emotions, or communicating personal distress.