Chapter 9

Question 1

puberty

Answer 1

A hormonal process resulting in reproductive competence and related physical development.

Question 2

adolescence

Answer 2

The transitional period in which young people move into adult cognitions, emotions, and social roles.

Question 3

hormone

Answer 3

A chemical that travels in the bloodstream to target organs, helping them regulate a variety of bodily functions such as reproduction, sleep, hunger, and stress.

Question 4

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis .

Answer 4

A communicative pathway between three endocrine glands: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands

Question 5

gonads

Answer 5

Testicles in males and ovaries in females, also known as the sex glands.

Question 6

testosterone

Answer 6

An androgenic sex hormone produced by the gonads (but in much lower levels in females) that is responsible for primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Question 7

estradiol

Answer 7

A potent form of estrogen produced by the gonads (but in much lower levels in males) that is responsible for primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Question 8

menarche

Answer 8

(pronounced me-när-kē) The first menstrual period of human females, signalling the beginning of fertility.

Question 9

ovum

Answer 9

A mature female reproductive cell, also known as an egg, released from the ovary during ovulation.

Question 10

spermatogenesis

Answer 10

The initial maturation of sperm into viable sperm cells with the capability of fertilization.

Question 11

spermarche (pronounced sper-mär-kē)

Answer 11

The first ejaculation of sperm by an adolescent male.

Question 12

Hirsutism

Answer 12

is a medical term for excessive hair growth in women and it is usually a sign of other underlying issues that might be accompanied by irregular menstruation or weight gain

Question 13

rite of passage

Answer 13

A ritual that symbolizes the transition from one period of the lifespan to another.

Question 14

separation

Answer 14

The first stage marking the transition to adulthood involving the distancing of an adolescent from the earlier social context physically and/or psychologically.

Question 15

transition

Answer 15

The second stage marking the transition to adulthood, where the adolescent learns about how to be an adult.

Question 16

incorporation

Answer 16

The final stage marking the completed transition into adulthood, where new or more permanent responsibilities that signify adulthood are taken up.

Question 17

asynchronicity

Answer 17

With reference to physical development during adolescence, the process of uneven growth of physical systems. The term can also describe asymmetrical changes among physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive systems.

Question 18

formal operational stage

Answer 18

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, in which adolescents and near-adolescents begin to think abstractly and to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Question 19

abstract thinking

Answer 19

The ability to think about possible situations, ideas, and objects that are not immediately present or obvious.

Question 20

trial and error

Answer 20

A type of elementary problem solving in which the solver attempts different immediate solutions with no systematic plan.

Question 21

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 21

The ability to formulate varying solutions in one’s mind and to think through the effectiveness of each possible solution

Question 22

adolescent egocentrism

Answer 22

Elkind’s term to describe the adolescent perception that one is at the centre of the social world.

Question 23

imaginary audience

Answer 23

Elkind’s term to describe the adolescent’s assumption that his or her preoccupation with personal appearance and behaviour is shared by everyone else.

Question 24

personal fable

Answer 24

Elkind’s term to describe the adolescent belief that one is special and unique and, thus, invulnerable.

Question 25

optimistic bias

Answer 25

A tendency for people to underestimate their own risk and overestimate the risk to someone else engaged in the same type of behaviour.

Question 26

positive youth development (PYD)

Answer 26

A positive strengths-based perspective view of adolescence as a life stage involving two overarching hypotheses: the Five Cs and youth–context alignment.

Question 27

The Five Cs

Answer 27

The first hypothesis associated with the PYD perspective is that of the Five Cs—competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring

Question 28

developmental assets

Answer 28

Resources that encourage and enhance positive youth development.

Question 29

comprehensive sexuality education

Answer 29

Sex education programs that present information about both abstinence and safe-sex practices.

Question 30

abstinence-only sex education

Answer 30

Sex education programs that promote only abstinence and that do not teach safe-sex techniques.

Question 31

anorexia nervosa

Answer 31

An eating disorder defined by excessive concern about gaining weight and restriction of food intake leading to extremely low body weight.

Question 32

bulimia nervosa

Answer 32

An eating disorder that involves repeated episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or another compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain.

Question 33

phase delay

Answer 33

The shift to later natural sleeping and waking times that is typically seen among adolescents.

Question 34

2.  Which hormone directs the release and synthesis of other key puberty hormones, leading to an increase in androgens and estrogens? a. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) b. luteinizing hormone (LH) c. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) d. androgen hormone (AH)

Answer 34

c. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 35

3.  Which of the following is NOT a key change associated with puberty? a. growth spurts in height and weight b. changes in the distribution of fat and muscle c. changes in circulation and respiration d. increases in emotional instability

Answer 35

b. changes in the distribution of fat and muscle

Question 36

9.  Elkind’s theory predicts that adolescent egocentrism will ______. a. increase between childhood and middle-to-late adolescence b. be significantly lower among preadolescents and late adolescents c. decrease between childhood and middle-to-late adolescence d. be significantly higher among preadolescents and late adolescents

Answer 36

b. be significantly lower among preadolescents and late adolescents

Question 37

12.  Which of the following sexually transmitted infections is caused by a virus? a. chlamydia b. gonorrhea c. herpes d. all of these

Answer 37

c. herpes

Question 38

13.  What type of pregnancy prevention program is shown by research to be most effective? a. abstinence-plus programs b. abstinence-only sex education programs c. comprehensive sexuality education programs d. No pregnancy prevention program has been shown to be more effective than another.

Answer 38

a. abstinence-plus programs

Question 39

1. Programs that focus primarily on providing students with information and skills are called _________________. 2. Virginity pledges are most often associated with _________________.

Answer 39

1. comprehensive sexuality education; 2. abstinence-only sex education