Chapter 5

Question 1

synaptic pruning

Answer 1

The elimination of synaptic connections in order to increase efficiency.

Question 2

lateralization

Answer 2

The process by which the right and left hemispheres of the brain take on specific functions.

Question 3

handedness The preference for using one hand over the other for basic activities such as eating, throwing, and writing.

Question 4

ossification

Answer 4

The process through which cartilage becomes bone.

Question 5

preoperational stage

Answer 5

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the child begins to think symbolically; that is, with words.

Question 6

object permanence

Answer 6

The ability of an infant to think about things that are not present.

Question 7

piaget
symbolic function

Answer 7

The first substage of the preoperational period, during which the ability to use language gives children a new way of thinking about the world.

Question 8

piaget
intuitive thought

Answer 8

The second substage of preoperational thinking, during which children want to know how and why.

Question 9

piaget
centration

Answer 9

A quality of thinking in which a person focuses on one aspect or dimension of an object while disregarding any other dimension.

Question 10

piaget
conservation

Answer 10

The understanding that key physical properties of an object remain constant even if the appearance of the object changes.

Question 11

piaget
egocentrism

Answer 11

A cognitive quality in which one is centred in one’s own frame of reference.

Question 12

animism

Answer 12

An egocentric belief that all inanimate objects have qualities associated with humans.

Question 13

piaget irreversibility

Answer 13

The belief of preoperational thinkers that objects and events, once changed, can never return to their original form.

Question 14

artificialism

Answer 14

The belief that all objects and events are affected by human influences.

Question 15

Vygotsky’s

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 15

Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that a person cannot accomplish independently but that can be done with the assistance of a person with more experience or more advanced cognitive ability.

Question 16

scaffolding

Answer 16

The process of assisting a less experienced individual through complex tasks by providing supports, which may be verbal or physical.

Question 17

guided participation

Answer 17

A process in which a more experienced teacher becomes an interactive guide, helping a younger or less experienced person do tasks that he or she could not complete independently.

Question 18

private speech

Answer 18

A language process in which children talk to themselves as they attempt to perform a task or solve a problem.

Question 19

collective monologue

Answer 19

Piaget’s term for the egocentric private talk that sometimes occurs in a group of children.

Question 20

theory of mind

Answer 20

The ability to understand that others have mental states and that their thoughts and knowledge differ from one’s own.

Question 21

vocabulary spurt or naming explosion

Answer 21

The rapid expansion of vocabulary that children experience during early childhood.

Question 22

overgeneralization

Answer 22

Applying the rules of grammar to cases in which they do not apply.

Question 23

noun bias

Answer 23

The suggestion that children use nouns more frequently than other parts of speech.

Question 24

pragmatics

Answer 24

The social use of communication. (addressing adults differently than other kids)

Question 25

language categorization

Answer 25

The process of forming a cognitive compartment, or grouping, based on specific properties.

Question 26

fast mapping

Answer 26

A process by which a child can relate unknown words to known words, thus rapidly expanding vocabulary

Question 27

language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 27

A term coined by linguist Noam Chomsky to describe the innate mechanism for processing words that he believed humans had.

Question 28

functional language

Answer 28

The idea that language acquisition is a “need-based” process in which children construct meaning out of a need to understand what others are saying and to be understood.

Question 29

parten
non-social play

Answer 29

Non-interactive play in which a child focuses on either an object or a toy and appears unconnected to others, or acts as an onlooker, watching others play without joining in.

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Question 30

parten
parallel play

Answer 30

A form of play in which children appear to be together but are not interacting with one another.

Question 31

parten
associative play

Answer 31

A form of play in which children interact and share materials but do not work together toward the same goal.

Question 32

parten
co-operative play

Answer 32

A form of play in which children interact to work toward a common goal

Question 33

piaget
functional play

Answer 33

A form of play that involves repetitive movements and simple exploratory activity, usually seen during a child’s first two years.

Question 34

piaget
constructive play

Answer 34

A form of play that involves the creation of new objects, often by combining already existing objects.

Question 35

piaget
symbolic play

Answer 35

A form of play that begins around 3 years of age in which children use objects as symbols to stand for something else.

Question 36

piaget
rough-and-tumble play

Answer 36

A form of physical play, such as wrestling, tumbling, and running.

Question 37

Head Start

Answer 37

A program that seeks to promote school-readiness among disadvantaged children through the provision of educational, nutritional, and social services. Aboriginal Head Start programs include local control by First Nations and teaching in Aboriginal culture and language.

Question 38

inclusion

Answer 38

An approach to educating students with special educational needs based on the idea that all individuals have a right to be educated in regular classroom settings.

Question 39

individualized education program

Answer 39

A written statement that defines the individualized educational goals of a child with a disability.

Question 40

overweight or obesity

Answer 40

A classification based on the association of various BMI cut-offs with health risks; varies in children by age and sex.

Question 41

body mass index (BMI)

Answer 41

A measure used to determine healthy body weight that is calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in metres) BMI = weight(kg)/height2(m)2

Question 42

socio-economic status

Answer 42

The combination of a person’s income, education, and occupation relative to others.

Question 43

unintentional injury

Answer 43

Any type of physical trauma that is determined to have been caused by circumstances other than abuse or maltreatment.

Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children and adolescents in Canada and a major cause of morbidity. It is the fourth leading cause of hospitalization of children between the ages of 1 and 4 (360 per 100,000), and almost 25 percent of all deaths of children in this age range are due to injury